Politics and Government - Neoconservatism Movement and the Ashes of Fai

The Neoconservatism Movement - Out of the Ashes of Failed Liberalism Neoconservatism is a moderately late term, close to thirty or forty years of age. Actually, a significant number of its individuals never really acknowledged the term. And keeping in mind that its name might be generally simple to pinpoint, its underlying foundations will not be attached to any one individual, occasion, or development. Or maybe, neoconservatism comes from various social and political elements. One of the biggest sociopolitical factors in the improvement of neoconservatism spins around the 1960s liberal development. Himmelstein states in his book, To the Right, that various factors added to a general emergency of trust in American organizations and made a political opening for . . . the Right, which introduced itself in the late 1970s as a ‘revitalization movement’ (6). It appears that Himmelstein is depicting a movement corresponding to the liberal development of the 1960s, for a littler scope and with an elective belief system obstructed by less impediments. As needs be, Francis states, in Beautiful Losers, that the rise during the 1970s of the political and scholarly development known as neoconservatism is for the most part viewed as a reaction to the disappointments of customary progressivism to manage the difficulties of that decade [i.e. 1960s] (95). Things being what they are, would we say we are to accept that neoconservatism stems solely from disappoin ted 1960s nonconformists? Irving Kristol, a prominent front originator of the development, joins a significantly increasingly explicit mark, portraying neoconservatism as the disintegration of liberal confidence among a moderately little . . . gathering of researchers and learned people, and the development of this gathering toward an increasingly moderate perspective, without totally fitting in with the customary Repub... ...Refered to Dorrien, Gary. The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs 1945-1994. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Francis, Samuel. Delightful Losers: Essays on the Failure of American Conservatism. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993. Himmelstein, Jerome L. To the Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism. Berkely: University of California Press, 1990. Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America: Music, Politics, Chaos, Counterculture, and the Shaping of a Generation. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988. Kristol, Irving. Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: The Free Press, 1995. White, Theodore H. The Making of the Presidentâ€1968. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1969.

Write an Analysis of the cover of Tsotsi Essays

Compose an Analysis of the front of Tsotsi Essays Compose an Analysis of the front of Tsotsi Essay Compose an Analysis of the front of Tsotsi Essay Compose an Analysis of the front of Tootsie My underlying understanding of the front of Tootsie was that it was during a period of the day when the sun isnt completely conspicuous maybe at Dawn, or it might be at sunset, as the brilliant orange sun is Just looking over the highest points of the structures. Likewise there is the ground-breaking blue sky at the extremely top of the spread which could show either times of day as it could be framing or leaving. I believed that in the event that it was day break the male nearness on the spread could have Just begun or even Just completed work, as its very regular o work shifts that way, this would likewise clarify what he looks like tired in any case, this could likewise connect into the likelihood that hes fleeing. I additionally saw that the foundation was very poor, and looked destitution stricken like a shanty town, this suggests maybe its situated in an underdeveloped nation, for example, Africa. This connections in to the way that the greatest nearness on the spread is a youthful looking male, as nations, for example, Africa are characteristically male prevailing societies, it is demonstrating that maybe the film is adhering to the generalizations as though to ensure that the crowd comprehend the film. The kid on the spread looks just as he doesnt very fit in with the back scene, his garments look extravagant and conceivably even marked. A calfskin Jacket and Chuck Taylor chat all-stars arent precisely what youd hope to find in Africa. Likewise there is the way that he has what resembles a wristband on his correct wrist, this hints maybe the kid has cash, how he got it we are as yet uncertain of. In any case, it may not be an arm band and in reality could be a solitary bind which gives us that he could be into wrongdoing. It would likewise clarify the way that hes wearing costly looking garments and watches so strange with his environmental factors. On the base of the spread, without a doubt, little is a train, it looks as if it is Just essentially cruising by. Like a typical train does, however considering it is in a destitution blasted zone it could have some other importance. This could connect into the idea possibly the film contains a component of wrongdoing, as the train could be utilized as a strategy for escape. Permitting him to abandon everything and start another. As this is regular of individuals from or foundations and poor urban communities, they getaway to escape and attempt and make a new beginning with the offices and opportunities for a superior life. From the outset I believed that the kid in the young men arms could be a kin because of the reality the kid looked so youthful and that perhaps the story was about the young men experience to discover his mom and rejoin himself as well as his more youthful kin. Be that as it may, subsequent to investigating such things like his experience and the chance of wrongdoing. I believed that maybe the youngster was his own. That as a result of wrongdoing hed submitted a demonstration which left him with a kid he didnt fundamentally need or need and he was Just left with it because of either wanton relations or in any event, submitting a demonstration, for example, assault, or that possibly the childs mother passed on and the youngster was left with its organic dad. The kid is by all accounts holding the kid close and tight like hes ensuring it which suggests that they have some type of a relationship and bond together with the goal that he doesnt need the infant to get injured. This at that point implies that the story could be about the battles of being single and male parent in an underdeveloped nation. I took a gander at the remarks that have most to me was the one composed by the watchman the well known paper expressed Visceral, exceptional and ground-breaking by the way that it was the gatekeeper who remarked on this film it as of now gives us it must have high status as this specific paper has elevated expectations and doesnt Just advance anything. Additionally the remark makes us wonder if maybe the story is tied in with something terrible which has occurred and theyre attempting to compensate for their slip-ups. Investigating the spread you additionally notice he grants it won and been assigned for. Which are all very renowned honors. Intimating that it more likely than not been a significant mainstream film particularly to have really won an Academy Award, and to be assigned for not one but rather two Betas and a Golden Globe. This shows the amount of an impact the film more likely than not had on individuals. Additionally you notice the Production brand, Momentum. This is a significant well known brand which implies that this film wouldve had a major financial plan and obviously a more extensive crowd which would clarify the astounding selections and grant wins. Finally, I saw the GE declaration it had been granted. 15. This authentication is generally given to films that can't be seen by a more youthful crowd because of the way that the points demonstrated were excessively sensitive for them so by giving the film this testament it nearly guarantees you that there will be some fragile issues remembered for the film just as some grown-up subjects. Conceivably Sex, Drugs, Violence or coarse speech. This could show the likelihood that the youngster is really his. Likewise could show the crowd that he is in a significant poor zone and needs to take and execute to endure.

How the Conditioned Stimulus Works in Classical Conditioning

How the Conditioned Stimulus Works in Classical Conditioning Do you remember how eager for food you were every time you heard the end of class bell back when you were still in school?Do you remember this one time when you were going back home through a dark alley and a dog started barking at you?Do you remember how from that moment on you started avoiding the shortcut and took a detour even if you were longing for a bed for hours already?These simple examples are just a brief notion of what lies ahead in this article.Namely, we will try to present some basic elements of one of the psychological principles which was discovered by accident.The human brain is a mighty network which is so complicated that even after decades of exploration, it is still a huge black hole that remains a mystery to most scientists.Sometimes it all seems so simple.Your brain controls your extremities, your eyes, your speech, even creativity (that, by the way, you can boost with some interesting techniques).You see an input of sorts and you provide the necessary output. And definitely, this is the easy part.But what happens in those cases as depicted in the beginning?Why are we prone to associate a completely isolated (past) instance with future occurrences or internal fears?Why do we keep thinking that we will get to eat every time we hear a bell ringing or that a dog will bark at us or attack us in the same dark alley?This is the complicated part we were talking about. It is here that we are in the complete unknown. In this area, we are in the dark. The human brain has been the focus of attention of multiple studies.One can study it from multiple perspectives such as neurobiological, psychological, or a simply physical aspect where you make an effort to treat a physical injury without leaving detrimental consequences to the other aspects.From the neurobiological and psychological stance, things are everything but simple.Again, the brain is an intricate network, so masterly woven that decades may pass and we will still know almost nothing about i t.However, according to the aforementioned, our brain inevitably creates and controls certain processes within us that for quite some time we were unable to understand.The situation would have persisted had it not been for Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian psychologist who quite accidentally discovered an occurrence called classical conditioning.THE IMPORTANCE OF IVAN PAVLOVAs briefly mentioned in the Introduction, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who was born at the beginning of the 20th century.At a certain point of his career, Pavlov was deeply interested in studying gastric system and with this aim he conducted his medical experiments on dogs.Most surely, his main research made a significant contribution to gastric medicine and he was properly awarded for the results.Still, this work of his also resulted in a by-product, which Pavlov decided not to neglect.This by-product that Pavlov encountered by mere chance, is known as one of the most relevant predecessors of behavioural psychology today.If we want to understand thoroughly why Pavlov’s work is so significant even in the 21st century, we need to bring to mind his experiment on dogs.Namely, Pavlov was originally interested in learning how the gastric system of animals, and consequently humans, works and what the role of saliva and salivating was in food digestion.To this end, Pavlov decided to study dogs in laboratory conditions.As a consequence, dogs were kept in compartments and were given food regularly. Every time the dogs were presented with food, their glands would start producing saliva.The dogs were observed and the quantity of saliva duly measured.As time went by, Pavlov noticed that dogs eventually started salivating even before the food was placed in front of them.Eventually, he realized how something else was causing the dogs’ glands to produce saliva, some external factor associated with the food, but still completely independent of it.As it turned out, the laboratory staf f members were bringing in the food for dogs, so every time the dogs would see a white coat, they would start salivating.To confirm his theory, Pavlov later introduced various other triggers occurring before the food was brought in.These were occurrences such as electric shocks, buzzing sounds, etc. that the dogs were exposed to before the actual eating.And, as Pavlov suspected, the dogs developed an association between these and the feeding process so any time they were shocked or they heard the buzzer, their glands would begin to salivate.While studying this theory even further, Pavlov discovered that the “accidental” and “unrelated” stimulus could also be un-learned.Once he confirmed that shocks or sounds would cause the salivating process, he decided to see what happens if the process was reversed.Namely, on multiple occasions he would shock the dogs, leaving the food out.Finally, the dogs learned that shocks were not related to food in any case whatsoever.As the shocks repeated and no food was placed in front of them, dogs first decreased the saliva amount and eventually stopped salivating completely. IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOVS EXPERIMENT ON DOGS AND RESULTEven though Pavlov’s intention was to study something completely different, he actually stumbled upon a very significant discovery.This experiment on dogs showed how the animal brain creates a link between a completely unintentional instance with a completely intentional one.Of course, some repetition was necessary, but the brain shortly “picked” up how white coat or buzzing was linked with the food and eating.Despite the fact that the experiment was conducted on dogs, the conclusion is easily transferable to the human brain.When we are exposed to some stimuli and a reaction follows remember now the example of a dog barking at you in a dark alley â€" we are linking this stimulus to each future instance expecting and displaying the same reaction.AFTER PAVLOVWe have established that Pavlov’s experiment and research were purely accidental. However, they did light a spark in other scientists.Namely, an American psychologist, John B. Watson resumed Pavlov’s work and moved to another direction.His idea now was to confirm the occurrence of the same behaviour pattern in humans.For this aim, he conducted an experiment which today would be rather unethical.The experiment in question was conducted on a nine months old baby named Albert, which is why the experiment is today known as Little Albert Experiment.Watson was trying to induce phobias from fury animals or objects in infants, so what he did was placing little Albert on a mattress and let it play with a white rat.At first, Albert showed no signs of fear and would calmly play with the rat.Later on, Watson moved on and started introducing loud and unpleasant sounds every time Albert would touch the rat.As the situation repeated several times, the infant developed a fear of the rat and started crying every time the rat woul d show up even when the sound was left out.Moreover, little Albert supposedly developed a phobia from all other furry animals and objects and not only rats.Had it been different times, Watson would probably not be allowed to conduct an experiment as severe as that. Still, despite the fact that it was a highly unethical act, the experiment did confirm the same thesis Pavlov established with dogs.The final conclusion was also that our mind starts creating links between a natural stimulus that the mind is supposed to focus on and environmental condition which is originally introduced by mere accident. TERMS AND DEFINITIONSToday, classical conditioning is an acclaimed psychological theory which has developed even further after Pavlov’s original experiment and discovery, and some early stages of its development were depicted in the previous chapter.1. TermsAs is the case in all fields of study, the theory demanded its own terminology.For this purpose, certain phrases and terms were coi ned to help us precisely define the occurrences depicted in both Pavlov’s and Watson’s experiment.The terms which are the essence of this theory are present below.StimulusResponseUnconditioned stimulusConditioned stimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned responseGeneralisation2. DefinitionsBefore we go further into defining and explaining each of these terms separately, let us focus on what classical conditioning is.Classical conditioning is a form of subconscious learning where two independent stimuli are paired so as to produce a response. This is the process of learning by association.The stimuli you, i.e. your brain, pair are the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus after which you produce a conditioned response.To put it in simple terms, classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) means that two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.The stimulus is any feature of the environment, whether intentional or accide ntal, which triggers the response.The response is virtually the reaction of the subject to the given stimuli, i.e. the behaviour induced by stimuli.From our previous explanations, we can conclude that the unconditioned stimulus is the natural occurrence, the one we produced intentionally. It is a naturally occurring act, i.e. stimulus.On the other hand, the conditioned stimulus is the unrelated act, at first, which leads to a response we were expecting to achieve by introducing the unconditioned stimulus.This conditioned stimulus is the environmental stimulus, which is later deliberately linked with the neutral one. It only has an effect when linked with the unconditioned stimulus.The unconditioned response is the original reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.The conditioned response is the behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus.The generalisation is recreating conditioned response under stimuli similar to the original environmental stimulus.Recovery is the un-learning proce ss where the subject slowly goes back to the stage which does not include any environmental conditioning.To make things a bit more clear, let us briefly re-create Pavlov’s experiment and break it down to simple steps.At the same time, we will explain each of the terms by giving relevant examples from the experiment.To summarize, Pavlov was studying the effect of saliva on food digestions in dogs. In order to achieve this, he had to give food to dogs.Food, in this case, is the natural stimulus, i.e. the unconditioned stimulus. Upon seeing food, dogs start creating saliva through their glands.The salivation process represents the unconditioned response here.Now, if we introduce an environmental element to the story, for example, a bell â€" it will produce no response at first. However, if this neutral stimulus is combined with the unconditioned stimulus, it will lead to a response.If we repeat it a sufficient number of times, i.e. if we pair the neutral stimulus with the uncondition ed stimulus often enough, the bell ringing becomes our conditioned stimulus.In each future instance, even when the food is absent, bell ringing will still cause salivating, which in this case becomes the conditioned response.As for generalising here, let’s assume that the bell is slightly changed. For some time, the dog will still salivate, linking this sound to the one he had been used to.Once we sever the links between the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus and present the subject with the conditioned stimulus only, the conditioned response will gradually subside until it completely disappears.What might additionally help in understanding the links between different stimuli and different responses is the diagram below. It clearly shows the chronological and logical sequence of events causing dogs to salivate. Source: en.wikipedia.org  From the example given above, we can conclude that classical conditioning consists of three consecutive stages.During Stage 1, the unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response.To put it simply, a stimulus causes a response, or behaviour, which is unconditioned, or unlearned.During this stage the neutral stimulus is present, but still, his effect is not observed, i.e. recognized.In Stage 2, the neutral stimulus gets associated with the unconditioned stimulus and thus becomes the conditioned stimulus. In order to be fully recognized, the conditioned stimulus needs to happen prior, or simultaneously, to the unconditioned stimulus.During Stage 3, the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are fully linked one with another and together they create a new conditioned response. CONDITIONED STIMULUS IN REAL LIFEEven though examples of classical conditioning we described previously were purely experimental, this is the phenomenon we encounter on a daily b asis.This is again the time to remind ourselves of the brief examples given in the introductory part.Besides these, let us take a look into some typical examples of how conditioned stimulus works in everyday situations.1. Virus + Favourite PizzaJane is coming down with a virus and is currently not aware of it yet. Jane is outside ordering takeaway food. It is a delicious pizza that she eats regularly.Upon arriving home, Jane eats the pizza and shortly after gets a bad feeling of nausea.Naturally, Jane will instantly link nausea and the urge to vomit with the pizza, not the underlying virus. Next time, Jane will avoid her favourite pizza remembering how nauseated it made her feel.In this instance, pizza is the conditioned stimulus for Jane, since it leads to a belief that she will get sick every other time when she orders this particular pizza.2. Taxi driver + The Whistling SoundMike has been a taxi driver for 13 years already.Whenever he is available for the ride, potential passenge rs stop him by raising a hand and whistling.One day, Mike hears a whistling sound and stops. As it happens, nobody needed the taxi, it is just local kids playing in the courtyard.As it turns out, whistling became the environmental, i.e. conditioned stimulus for Mike since he linked it with a person calling for a taxi.3. School + BullyingTom is a chubby but sweet little boy who is 11 years old and likes school very much.However, other kids keep either teasing or openly bullying him, saying how obese he is and attributing to him numerous negative nicknames.Eventually, Tom stops feeling happy about going to school and he starts looking for excuses to stay at home.When left with no other choice, the parents decide to transfer him to another school, but his reluctance still prevails.The bullying is the conditioned stimulus for Mike, since he linked it with school kids and school in general and is afraid to interact with other children.4. Riding a Bike + Falling DownMichelle rides her bik e to work every morning. She is very skilled and usually very careful when riding a bike. However, one morning she falls down.The next morning, she additionally slows down on the place where she fell as a means of being extra careful.When she fell down, Michelle associated the path, i.e. the precise location, with the fall so this place becomes the conditioned stimulus for her.EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS OF CONDITIONED STIMULUSHaving introduced a few typical examples of conditioned stimulus in real life, we can move on and say how classical conditioning can be used to reverse some of the negative feelings in humans. Besides these, classical conditioning has a wide scope of applicability.For example, if a child does not like a particular subject at school, the teacher can apply classical conditioning, i.e. conditioned stimulus, to help her overcome her aversion towards the subject.The teacher can achieve this by presenting the teaching material in a funny way or link the topic with the stu dent’s other interest.In such a way, the student will begin to relieve herself of the feeling of aversion and will gradually stop disliking the given subject.Next, conditioned stimulus can be used in treating and overcoming various phobias in patients suffering from these.For example, the therapist can gradually expose the patient to the object that the phobia is directed to, combining it with relaxation techniques.In such a way, the patient will start pairing the object he was initially afraid of with feeling relaxed. As time progresses, the phobia will gradually subside.Besides humans, the conditioned stimulus might also be effective in training animals to certain behaviours you want to suppress or promote.For example, a farmer may protect his crops from domestic animals by giving them crops mixed with some additive causing indigestion.In that case, the animals will try the food (crops) and see that there is something wrong with it.In that case the conditioned stimulus helps to suppress their natural urge to feed themselves with the crops farmer needs for his own purpose.FINAL WORDThe human brain is a mystery which remains unravelled after decades of exploration and study.Centuries have passed and humankind made enormous scientific progress, but when it comes to brains there is so much more to be investigated.Multiple and extensive research will still have to be made in the years, even decades, to come before we are fully able to understand how this little mechanism in our head works.Still, one thing is certain. Our brain is always busy working, being active and leading multiple processes relevant for our normal functioning, such as walking, moving our hands, speaking, and perceiving the world around us.Moreover, it turns out our brain can be tricked into believing something by simply being exposed to certain stimuli.As this article briefly depicted, our brain can pair up two completely unrelated actions and produce a result which was supposed to be achiev ed by only one of those actions.If you keep repeating the unplanned circumstance, that is, the stimulus, with the planned one the result you wanted to achieve will be inevitable.The above is the main postulate of classical conditioning model accidentally discovered by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.Since his time, the theory has been developed further and applied in many situations, and it has even been disputed as deterministic and favouring nurture over nature.If we leave out the experimental factor, one must inevitably say that classical conditioning has found its place in behavioural psychology and that conditioned stimulus is found its place in many therapy methods.If applied appropriately, it can help patients with phobias, addicts of various kinds or simply people with negative feelings.

Echinoderm Facts and Information

Echinoderms, or members of the phylum Echinodermata, are some of the most easily-recognized marine invertebrates. This phylum includes sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, and urchins, and they are identified by their radial body structure, often featuring five arms.  You can often see echinoderm species in a tidal pool or in the touch tank at your local aquarium. Most echinoderms are small, with an adult size of about 4 inches, but some can grow to as much as 6.5 feet in length. Different species may be found in a variety of bright colors, including purples, reds, and yellows.   Classes of Echinoderms The phylum Echinodermata contains five classes of marine life:  Asteroidea  (sea stars),  Ophiuroidea  (brittle stars and basket stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), and Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars). They are a diverse group of organisms, containing about 7,000 species. The phylum is regarded as one of the oldest of all animal groups, thought to have appeared at the start of the Cambrian era, about 500 million years ago.   Etymology The word echinoderm means  comes from the Greek word ekhinos, meaning hedgehog or sea urchin, and the word  derma, meaning skin. Thus, they are spiny-skinned animals. The spines on some echinoderms are more obvious than others. They are very pronounced in  sea urchins, for example. If you run your finger over a sea star, youll likely feel small spines. The spines on sand dollars, on the other hand, are less pronounced.   Basic Body Plan Echinoderms have a unique body design. Many echinoderms exhibit  radial symmetry, which means that their components are arranged around a central axis in a symmetrical manner. This means that an echinoderm has no obvious left and right half, only a top side, and a bottom side. Many echinoderms exhibit pentaradial symmetry—a type of radial symmetry in which the body can be divided into five equally-sized slices organized around a central disk. Although echinoderms can be very diverse, they all have some similarities. These similarities can be found in their circulatory and reproductive systems. Water Vascular System Instead of blood, echinoderms have a water vascular system, which is used for movement and predation. The echinoderm pumps sea water into its body through a sieve plate or madreporite, and this water fills the echinoderms tube feet. The echinoderm moves about the sea floor or across rocks or reefs by filling its tube feet with water to extend them  and then using muscles within the tube feet to retract them. The tube feet also allows echinoderms to hold on to rocks and other substrates and to grip prey by suction. Sea stars have very strong suction in their tube feet that even allows them to pry open the two shells of a bivalve. Echinoderm Reproduction Most echinoderms reproduce sexually, although males and females are virtually indistinguishable from one another when viewed externally. During sexual reproduction, echinoderms release eggs or sperm into the water, which are fertilized in the water column by the male. The fertilized eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae that eventually settle to the ocean bottom. Echinoderms can also reproduce asexually by regenerating body parts, such as arms and spines. Sea stars are well-known for their ability to regenerate arms that are lost. In fact, even if the sea star has only a small part of its central disk left, it can grow an entirely new sea star.   Feeding Behavior Many echinoderms are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of living and dead plant and marine life. They serve an important function in digesting dead plant material on the ocean floor and thereby keeping waters clean. Plentiful echinoderm populations are essential to healthy coral reefs. The digestive system of echinoderms is relatively simple and primitive compared to other marine life; some species ingest and expel waste through the same orifice. Some species simply ingest sediments and filter out the organic material, while other species are capable of catching prey, usually plankton and small fish, with their arms.   Impact on Humans While not an important source of food for humans, some forms of sea urchin are regarded as a delicacy in some parts of the world, where they are used in soups. Some echinoderms produce a toxin which is fatal to fish, but which can be used to make a medicine used to treat human cancers.   Echinoderms are generally beneficial to ocean ecology, with a few exceptions. Starfish, which prey on oysters and other mollusks, have devastated some commercial enterprises. Off the coast of California, sea urchins have caused problems for commercial seaweed farms by eating young plants before they can become established.

History of Canopy Beds

A  popular email hoax  has spread all sorts of misinformation about the Middle Ages and The Bad Old Days. Here we look at the use of canopy beds. From the Hoax There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up your nice clean bed. Hence, a bed with big posts and a sheet hung over the top afforded some protection. Thats how canopy beds came into existence. The Facts In most castles and manor houses and in some town dwellings, materials such as wood, clay tiles, and stone were used for roofing. All served even better than thatch to stop things from falling into the house. Poor peasant folk, who were the most likely to suffer the annoyances brought about by an ill-kept thatch roof, commonly slept on straw pallets on the floor or in a loft.1 They did not have canopy beds to keep out falling dead wasps and rat droppings. Wealthier people didnt need canopies to keep out things that dropped from the roof, yet wealthy people such as noble lords and ladies or prosperous burghers did have beds with canopies and curtains. Why? Because the canopy beds used in medieval England and Europe have their origins in an entirely different domestic situation. In the earliest days of the European castle, the lord and his family slept in the great hall, along with all their servants. The noble familys sleeping area was usually at one end of the hall and was separated from the rest by simple curtains.2 In time, castle builders constructed separate chambers for the nobility, but though lords and ladies had their bed(s) to themselves, attendants might share the room for convenience and security. For the sake of warmth as well as privacy, the lords bed was curtained, and his attendants slept on simple pallets on the floor, on trundle beds, or on benches. A knight or ladys bed was large and wood-framed, and its springs were interlaced ropes or leather strips upon which a feather mattress would rest. It had sheets, fur coverlets, quilts, and pillows, and it could be fairly easily dismantled and transported to other castles when the lord made a tour of his holdings.​3 Originally, curtains were hung from the ceiling, but as the bed evolved, a frame was added to support a canopy, or tester, from which the curtains hung.4 Similar beds were welcome additions to townhomes, which werent necessarily warmer than castles. And, as in matters of manners and dress, prosperous town-folk emulated the nobility in the style of furnishings used in their homes. Sources 1. Gies, Frances Gies, Joseph, Life in a Medieval Village (HarperPerennial, 1991), p. 93. 2. Gies, Frances Gies, Joseph, Life in a Medieval Castle (HarperPerennial, 1974), p. 67. 3. Ibid, p. 68. 4. bed  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica [Accessed April 16, 2002; verified June 26, 2015].

The strategic role of the Royal British Navy in the First World War Free Essays

string(34) " was saved by virtue of the navy\." Introduction The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom (UK) is the oldest part of Britain’s combat forces and is often referred to as the â€Å"Senior Service†. The Naval Service is comprised of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Royal Fleet Auxiliary, Fleet Air Arm and reserve forces. From the 18th century up to the end of World War II, the Navy was the world’s principal and most powerful navy. We will write a custom essay sample on The strategic role of the Royal British Navy in the First World War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore it played a very important role during the period in keeping Britain’s position as the ultimate ‘superpower.’ The Royal Navy used various strategies and tactics such as the Antwerp, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli and the Zeebruge campaigns. The involvement of various sections of the Royal Navy helped to make sure of victories against serious enemies and opponents of British interests (Benbow 2011). This paper discusses the role of the Royal British Navy during the First World War by analyzing the war tactics they used in varying campaigns both on land and on sea. In the first place, the Royal Navy was crucial from a defensive point of view, a point made all the more acute by the fact that Britain is an island nation that is relatively isolated geographically. In terms of the home front, therefore, the navy was the first and more imperative line of defence. It must be considered, as an adjunct to this, that the wealth and power of Britain relied in large part on his expansive Empire, which could not have been protected by means other than naval power. It might be argued, of course, that Britain had established effective naval supremacy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 (Benbow 2011; Halpern 1994). However, despite the nation’s best efforts in conflicts such as the Seven Years War, among others, the state of affairs in 1805 had in actual fact been reversed to a significant extent by the turn of the 20th century. By the time of WWI, Britain’s navy was fairly outdated and its competitors were on the ascendant (Benbow 2011). The changing status quo by WWI made the burden on the navy heavier than ever. It still remained its 19th-century reputation as the ultimate military power and it had massive capacity to move soldiers and vessels across large international spaces territories. It still, moreover, had the capability to prevent rivals from doing similar strategic moving of troops and equipment (Halpern 1994). The floating gun vessels in particular were a devastating tool in the arsenal that frequently made it impossible for foreign leaders to act against Britain. The crucial fact was that the Royal Navy was able to stymie the efforts of foreign powers, making certain that there was always a supply of tradecrafts and raw materials so that Britain’s factories could make and distribute their products overseas. The Laissez Faire economic model that Britain adopted as the basis of its trading would not have been possible without the authority of the Royal Navy (Friedman 2001; Halpern 1994). It is clear , therefore, that regardless of apparent historical supremacy, the navy as important as ever in economic and defensive terms during WWI. Another aspect of the Royal Navy’s powerful role was control of communications and supply lines, so that it was possible to link up the Empire and control activities across the globe. Throughout the whole period, the Royal Navy’s war preparation and entry into the First World War demonstrates its state-of-the-art operation. This ability, however, arose not just through the navy itself but also the vast and sophisticated underpinning of expertise and strategy. For example, the Royal Navy was backed by a comprehensive research programme into maritime history, careful studies of allied and defensive maneuvers, and knowledge of politics and power in various regions across Europe and beyond (Friedman 2001). An important part of this was that Navy’s role in reconnaissance and observation. It was able to procure information about the capabilities of rivals, for example, whether political, military, or economic. The strategic role of the navy is best discussed in the context of contemporary events. The Germans marched into France and Belgium in August 1914 and desperately needed a â€Å"flying column†. At this time, Britain had between 20 000 to 30 000 navy reservists but could not make sure that all these reservists played a full role. Those parties in charge of strategy concluded that there were enough reserve soldiers to create two groups that would form vital brigades. So, in Britain the Naval Brigades and the Royal Marines Brigade were set up. The brigades became publicly recognized as the RND (Royal Naval Division) and soon after they were sent to Ostend, where they took part in a fierce battle in Antwerp. This battle demonstrates a number of different things about the strategic important of the navy. On the one hand, it indicates a clear purpose: the opposing of a German threat on the continent which, if unimpeded by the reservists, might have become a serious threat. The Marines were among the only British forces participating at the battle of Antwerp, and they brought about Germany’s withdrawal of a large proportion of their troops from the French front in order to capture of Antwerp (Stephenson 2011). However, the extent to which these soldiers struggled in due to poor training and shortages of proper equipment suggests that at this stage the Royal Navy was of limited strategic value. Thus, the Belgium army, which was comprised of mainly six divisions, was overcome by the Germans at Liege and the River Gate and had to retreat to the stronghold city of Antwerp (Halpern 1994). Had the Royal Navy been more adept in the first place this might never have occurred. However, the strategic role of the navy in this instance was salvaged to an extent when Winston Churchill, astutely realizing the important of Antwerp, bolstered the city using the Royal Navy Division. In this way, a key strategic position, in terms of Allied shipping, was saved by virtue of the navy. You read "The strategic role of the Royal British Navy in the First World War" in category "Essay examples" This point is made all the more compelling by the fact that the Belgians were forced to withdraw their forces from the fray on 6t October 1914, opening the path to a German victory. The intervention of the Royal Navy therefore came at a critical moment, heightening its importance (Grove 1987). The tactics of the Royal Naval Division on this occasion also suggests strategic relevance. An innovative plan was devised by which the troops dug trenches so that they could position themselves strategically during the battle. The aftermath of the battle is also worth mentioning. On 11 October 1914, the residual divisions of the Royal Navy Division arrived back home in England and immediately commenced their training camp in Blanford in Dorset (Jolly 2000). Crucially, they brought with them Belgian experience and the innovation of British armed forces. Changes were made to the training to better prepare the Naval Division as well as the Marine substitutes, that in the future would be selected and serve in Royal Marine battalions. Thus, through the navy’s combat experience and later role in Britain, the capability of the armed forces was enhanced. The French believed the Germans were on maneuvers in Belgium and sent some ships to trouble the German cavalry which were by now in North of Dunkirk. This maneuver was successful, which managed to give the impression that it was the central army. The British forces began to move ahead towards Brasa and captured Fort Zain. They also stopped efforts by the Turks to obstruct the river so the Turkish forces retreated from Brasa. Then, General Sir Arthur Barrett, the commander of the British army, deployed regiments to the city and the British forces established a strong occupation on 23 November 1914 (Knight 2006). The triumphant campaign allowed the majority of the British troops to return home, leaving only a small garrison. This episode is more than mere narrative. It reveals that for certain periods the Royal Navy was rendered almost redundant in a military sense due to a lack of conflict at sea. This is suggested by the fact that on 28 August, marines were located on ships during t he battle of Heligoland, with no lives lost. Later, however, at the Battle of Coronel in November, the British forces experienced a loss of 196 soldiers. One of the last encounters at sea was in 1914 during the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December. The importance of the navy was brought back into focus when, towards the end of 1914, the deadlock between the Western and Eastern Fronts ceased (Friedman 2011). This allowed the British Navy to establish and consolidate maritime control and superiority, but it was not practical to have the opening of a similar instance as Trafalgar. The British administration therefore needed to begin searching for an alternative that would conclude the war. During December 1914, the strategic importance of the navy on the Western Front became apparent. The British government had responded to a request for assistance from Russia, which was struggling to fight the Turks in the Caucuses. On 2 January 1915, the Secretary of State for War, Field Marshal Lord Kitchener agreed to demonstrate British strength to support Russia (McMillan 2013). Kitchener could not take any troops from the Western Front, so he turned to naval capacities for active involvement. As a result, the best location for action would be the tapered strip of water from the Mediterranean into the Sea of Marmara. The purpose and plan, masterminded by Winston Churchill, was to avoid the Turkish capital, First Lord of the Admiralty. Churchill created a complicated structure of a ‘third Allied front’ which gave tremendous assistance to Russia. The Royal Naval Division, moreover, went on to form an important part of the Mediterranean Expeditionary force (MEF), was wh ich also included the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), the 29th Division (British Army) and the Royal Naval Division (RND) (Dupuy 1967). Responsibility for the division was given to General Sir Ian Hamilton, The marines’ first conflict was in March 1915, where they targeted Turkish citadels and 22 individuals lost their lives while several others were injured. On 25 April the Plymouth Battalion with a group of 2nd South Wales Borderers landed on â€Å"Y† beach where a number of soldiers lost their lives (Churchill 1940). However, these successes were not without setbacks, and it should not be concluded that the Royal Navy was unequivocally of strategic value in these cases. There had been an early problem when the navy initially landed on 25 April and this had given Turkey chance of help to organize their defenses from Germany especially on top of cliffs that gave a direct view of the neighboring beaches and into the interior of the land (Dupuy 1967). On 28th April, the Chatham Battalion landed on the Anzac shoreline in order to safeguard a beach, and they stayed there until 12th May despite many deaths and casualties. On the 29th April, the Admiralty gave control of the Royal Navy Division to the British War office and it became the 63rd Royal Naval Division. The 63rd also had control of the RM training division located at Blanford (Herwig 1987). During May and June, Royal Marines participated in warfare at the 2nd and 3rd Battles of Krithnia. Additionally, there was action at Achi Baba on the 12th June. The MEF held their initial position at Gallipoli to try and find a conclusion to the struggle (Herwig 1987). One point of important to note about this episode is that the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF), along with the Royal Navy, experienced various levels of difficulties and higher levels of casualties. This prompted MEF’s withdrawal from Gallipoli, moreover. Winston Churchill’s administration has received severe criticism for the large number of lives lost over this period, and it can reasonably be questioned whether such as campaign can be deemed of strategic value. One might even say it was a strategic folly in human terms; and as Osbourne (2004) points out, the fact that Churchill stepped down from the Admiralty as a result is damning. Following the activities of this period, more action then took place in the sea rather than on land. The Battle of Jutland was the largest wartime conflict that occurred at sea during World War I. The battle commenced on 31st May 1916 when Germany fired against the British Battle Cruiser regiments. Royal Marines proved their strategic value here, as they were involved in 10% of the most important naval attack on crafts (Osbourne 2004). This proportion comprised mainly RMA whose job during this time was to operate guns. As it got bigger, the battle looked like it was getting out of control. The next day, British demolisher vessels attacked and sunk the Pommern. However in total, the Germans lost 11 ships while the British lost 14 ships, which suggests strategic folly in numerical terms (Osbourne 2004). In May the same year, RMLI brigades arrived from Gallipoli and were repatriated to France where new resources and weapons were organised. In addition, they were given more manpower and upgraded weapons to machine guns. In July, the RM Company was joined by companies called Howe and Anson the 188th Brigade of the re-titled 63rd RND (Herwig 1987). This group moved to a fairly quiet region of the Western Front. At this point, because of new weapons technology it was necessary to safeguard the line using three trench positions. Common Trench warfare was intended for use in heavy infantry but that was not commonly experienced through the commando tactics of RMLI (Friedman 2011). These battalions became a vital element to the Battle of Ancre Heights near Beaumont Hill. There were financial implications for this battle, as well as many casualties. On 17th April 1917 the 1st and 2nd regiments participated in armed combat at Miraumant and also during the 2nd Battle of the Scarpe later that m onth. During this armed effort, troops from the 63rd Division took over captured Gavrelle, led by General C. Lawrie. Immediately afterward, the 63rd Division also participated in the Battle of Arleux (Friedman 2011). The RND marched to various regions including Arras and Ypres during the winter weather, carrying heavy army equipment. In Ypres, the battalions trained very hard to prepare for a key offensive on the German border, north of Ypres. When it happened, the attack would take the forces to the strategic location of the Paddebrek stream, in the north region of the canal (Randier 2006). Because of significant losses earlier that year the 1st and 2nd RMLI contingents joined together to increase their masses numbers. However, at this point, there were some signs that the war was moving towards an end and the Germans begun realizing that their momentum begun to slow down. Finally, on 8th August the British put into place their counter plan to impact on German troops, disturbing all levels of hierarchy in the army, including the German High Command. This appeared to be a possible chance for victory, although it is vital to point out that victory was not guaranteed. On 2nd to 3rd September 1918, the 1st and 3rd Armies fought at the Battle of Drocourt-Queant, alongside the 63rd (RN) division in the Third army (Morison 1942). On 27th September to 1st October 1918, the 1st and 3rd Armies also engaged in combat at the Battle of the Canal du Nord. During this time, the 63rd RN group was once again a component of the third Army (Stephenson 2011; Osbourne 2004). As has emerged through this essay, the strategic value of the Royal Navy was mixed. Many historians viewed Gallipoli as a catastrophic tragedy, facilitated by confusing tactics and problems that allowed the enemy to prepare for the attack (Stephenson 2011). However, despite awful circumstances, the Marines still managed several successes demonstrating that they were a significant force on the ground in the capacity of infantry. Many of the experiences acquired by soldiers in World War I were valuable resources that were applied again in the experiences they would go through in WWII (Stephenson 2011). This essay has detailed the many triumphs of the Royal Navy; however, of them all the Zeebruge campaign was arguably the most important in strategic terms (Koerver 2010). After dealing with frightful conditions and dreadful weather, the Marines still managed to carry out their responsibilities and sabotage the canal (Stephenson 2011). Their accomplishments led to an unintentional benefit of giving a confidence boost and momentum for all British soldiers involved in the conflict in other places (Knight 2006). As a final, but by no means insignificant point, the importance of the Royal Navy as a blockading force deserves a mention. The efforts of the marines and the navy kept Germany surrounded, creating barrier to many trade routes and ports, causing starvation and eventually defeat. This contributed to higher levels of bankruptcy, as Germany exhausted its finances trying to keep up with Britain (Stephenson 2011; Osbourne 2004). In conclusion, is clear that the Royal Navy was an indispensible strategic tool during WWI. It had the capacity to fight effectively in different environments and landscapes, as has been outlined in the narrative sections of this essay. It was also useful in observing and introducing a wide range of tactics, strategies, and military equipment to Britain, which helped to evolve many modern aspects of warfare that are still with us today (Knight 2006). Its versatility on land and sea, moreover, which has been outlined throughout this essay in description of campaigns, was enormously useful. In concrete terms, the most essential raids that consolidated included Antwerp, Mesopotamia, Gallipoli, and Zeebruge, all of which involved the Royal Navy. Of course, it certainly had its shortcomings, and some of its failures and blunders have been discussed. However, this is an inevitable part of the operations of any force. In the end, while the Germans lost the war for a wide range of reasons, the impact of the British Royal Navy was certainly one of them; it was undoubtedly of great strategic value. Reference List Benbow, T Naval Warfare 1914-1918: From Coronel to the Atlantic and Zeebrugge. (Newbury: Amber Books Ltd, 2011) Churchill, W The Second World War. Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour ( Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949) Dupuy, T. N. The Military History of World War I: naval and overseas war, 1916-1918. (New York: Franklin Watts, 1967) Friedman, N., Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines, and ASW Weapons of All Nations: An Illustrated Directory (UK: Naval Institute Press 2011). Grove, E. Vanguard to Trident, (London: Naval Institute Press/The Bodley Head, 1987) Halpern, P. A Naval History of World War I. The Standard Scholarly Survey. (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994) Koerver, H. J. German Submarine Warfare 1914 – 1918 in the Eyes of British Intelligence, (Reinisch: LIS 2010) Herwig, H. H. Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy,1888-1918. (Oxon: Routledge, 1987) Joll, R. Jackspeak. (UK: Maritime Books, 2000) Will Knight, UK unveils plans for a new submarine fleet. New Scientist (Environment) 2006, McMillan, M. The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914(London: Profile Books Ltd, 2013) Morison, E. Admiral Sims and the Modern American Navy. (UK: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942) Osbourne, E. W. Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919. (London and New York: Routledge 2004). Randier, J. La Royale: L’histoire illustree de la Marine Nationale Francaise. (Brest: Editions de la Cite, 2006) Stephenson, D. With our backs to the wall: Victory and defeat in 1918. (UK: Penguin, 2011) How to cite The strategic role of the Royal British Navy in the First World War, Essay examples

Comparative Business Ethics & Social Responsibility- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theComparative Business Ethics Social Responsibility for Enrichment. Answer: The secret investigation and subsequent conviction of Rajaratnam and other people in the case study presented will prevent other financial managers and other investors from sharing nonpublic information or using such information for personal enrichment. The reasons for this stand are explained in the following section of this report. It set a precedent for inside trading heavy penalties The sentence that Mr. Rajaratnam of eleven years and the order to pay damages to all those affected by the malpractice amounting to over US Dollars 158 million. Research has shown that heavy penalties deter other potential criminals from engaging in the criminal acts (Larry, 2005). Many people who engage in inside trading love making faster money and in any case they try to avoid instances that can make them lose their money. Rajaratnam hired the best attorneys in the States to avoid losing and if only he had an example like the one he set, he would have avoided the crime. He was even willing to collude with investigators and corrupt the Intel corrected on him because he knew the penalty awaiting him if he is found guilty. Fear will prevent the other people willing to participate in the crime and thus nonpublic information will not be disclosed for personal gains. Heavy penalty set is a motivation enough of making financial managers and investors shy off from these activities (Brody Ackerman, 2014). Involving Key Players in the Investigation When the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) decided to bring in people who were colluding with Rajaratnam in insider trading, a warning was given to all the perpetrators that betrayal is possible. Mr. Khan accepted to collaborate with the government in ensuring the conviction of the said individual. He was even willing to testify against Rajaratnam with the hopes of facing a lower charge in his own conviction. It was the best move that made it possible to more information to be corrected regarding the activities and the communication of the offended. Text messenger and videotapes were corrected with the permission of Mr. Khan. The whole scenario will act as a warning to potential fraudsters that the authorities can use any means possible to acquire the evidence necessary to convict someone in a court of law (Gross, 2007). Secret investigation that includes key players in the crime will best stop the malpractice Connecting investigations with wire transfers and offshore accounts During the investigation of Rajaratnam, the SEC used information of other suspects such as wire transfers in offshore banks or incorporating their investments with shell companies and the subsequent failure to report such gains while filing the tax returns. A good example is that of Mr. Anil Kumar who gained from insider trading and hid the money in offshore accounts. In addition to secretly investigating the accused phone conversations, following keenly on the investment patterns and how money acquired is utilized helps to raise red flags of insider trading. The act is important in proving beyond doubt that the suspect actually has got something to hide. Such a move and a way of the investigation will make potential criminals from committing the crime. They will be worried that the proceeds from their activities will be traced back and as a result, their activities will be exposed (Levine, 2014). Connecting the accounts and financial assets of a suspected person with the activities investigated will reveal facts that will eventually form part of the evidence. Such acts will always deter fraudsters from engaging in the activities. Investigating one`s network of friends and business partners The prosecution of Galleon involved presenting evidence from the network of friends of the chief financial investor analyst of the company. The result was that the said person did not maintain the friendship for reasons of professional engagement but for facilitation of insider trading. Investigating the reasons for these networks will in most cases reveal undisputable evidence that fraud was taking place. Mr. Khan, for example, was found having sent a text message to Rajaratnam that he should wait for directions. As a result of investigating the friendship, the SEC lawyers became suspicious of the investment decisions of the company and its chief executive officer. It is thus clear that following these networks will be an important lead to catching the fraudsters. The result of this act is that those who could plan to maintain a friendship with other professionals with the aim of getting the nonpublic information for personal enrichment will be cautious of such a move and what is mo re they will avoid the act. As it is echoed by Richard in a journal article that friendship and networks form an important lead in investigating insider trading (Richard, 2001). Investigating even the powerful statesmen Mr. Rajat Gupta, a business alley of Rajaratnam and a respected businessman in the states who was the first Indian Born Chief Executive officer of a multinational corporation and considered a man of integrity was found guilty of insider trading and was sentenced two years in prison and a fine of 24.9 million US Dollars (Savage, 2007). The main lead to his conviction being a phone call he made to Rajaratnam on September 25th, 2005 concerning the Berkshire Hathaway's purchase of Golden Sachs stock. The call made it possible for Galleon to make Millions of swift profits. Investigating Gupta and his conviction sent a warning to all potential fraudsters that no matter their profile or status in the society, SEC will investigate them and if found guilty they will have to face the full force of law. The case was a symbolic victory to federal investigators and SEC at the same time sending a message to those in the financial sector that no wrongdoers no matter how powerful they are. As stated by Thomas Newkirk in the International Symposium on financial crime, punishing wrongdoer has no limits or status (Newkirk, 2000). Use of Digital Information and Electronic Surveillance The use of wire tapes in the Gallons case set a precedent that such ways of acquiring information could be used even in financial crimes in addition to the historical use of terrorism, drugs and organized crimes. That was a milestone in fighting the issue of insider trading bearing in mind the perpetrators use electronic ways of communication such as e-mails, text messengers, phone calls and other digital information. The result is that the pieces of evidence corrected using this method is admissible in a court of law and thus fraudsters will have no hiding place as the case used to be (Brooks, 2012). The SEC and other financial crime investigators can use these methods and this will pose a challenge to those who share nonpublic information with the aim of enriching themselves as they will have no means of sharing it. This will eventually lower the cases reported on inside trading and the securities markets will have fair deals. In many cases, the offenders had hidden in the shield o f constitutional rights of personal privacy but with this precedent, the investigators can use the evidence even without a court order validating it (Ventoruzzo, 2012). Acquisition of such information will scare off those preparing to engage in the crime and eventually insider trading will vanish. Conclusion In conclusion, the evil of insider trading has left many security markets all over the world vulnerable to unfair competition and as a result, many genuine investors lose their funds. It lead to the collapse of Galleon and other companies that were trading with it. Rajaratnam is just but an example of many other businessmen who are engaging in this unethical practice. It is a breach of the confidentiality that professionals are expected to uphold especially to the shareholders. The practice hurts the economy with millions of money being lost in the securities market among many other evils. It is for this reason that the practice should be discouraged and perpetrators punished as per the regulations such as the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and other judicial precedents available in the US legal system. People should also be taught financial ethics to show them the evils associated with this form of fraud and why they should avoid it. References Blodget, H. (2011). Outrageous Insider Trading. Business Insider, 44-67. Brody, M. . (2014). Prosecutors Subpoena Congress in Insider Trading. The Market Watch, 23-45. Brooks, P. (2012). Gulf Between US and UK Insider Trading. Financial Times, 17-19. Christopher, C. (2009). Insider Trading Problem. The Star, 12-29. Findlaw. (2012). Insider Trading Cases. The Findlaw, 34-45. Gross, D. (2007, May 29th). Insider Trading Congregational Style. The Washington Post Company, pp. 13-22. Larry, H. (2005). Insider Trading. Chicago: Oxford University Press. Levine, M. (2014). SEC Insider Trading Investigation. Deal breaker, 67-98. Newkirk, T. (2000). Insider Trading. 16th International Symposium on EconomicCrimes (pp. 13-18). Cambridge: Jesus College. Richard, T. (2001). When is it Legal to Trade on Insider Training Information. Sloan Management Journal, 89-92. Savage, D. (2007). Supreme Court Affirms Broad reach of Insider Trading Laws. Los Angles Times, 95-108. Ventoruzzo, M. (2012, June 19TH). Insider Trading in the US and Europe. Havard Law School, pp. 23-45.

Review on Katrina Srigleys book, Bread winning Daughters Young Working Women in a Depression

Introduction Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City, 1929-1939, elucidates the impact of the great depression to the Canadians living in Toronto. It comprises the findings from a research she carried out employing more than eighty interviews with women who not only lived but also worked in Toronto during the great depression era. Her book brings out the role that young women played during the 1930s in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Review on Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It was one of the most difficult decades in the twentieth century and its impact was evident in Canada. The two most important factors that characterized this period in history were the economic crash of the stock exchange market as well as the onset of the Second World Wa r. The role of women as well as their lifestyle underwent a huge twist in their attempt to meet the demands of the society. The main issues addressed in the book Srigley argues that the great depression caused economic vulnerability to the populations in Toronto, which led to her desire to examine the plight of the young women during that era since most researchers were concerned about the men. She found out that women had to assist in meeting the basic needs in the family, a phenomenon that did not exist before 1930. She attributes the increase in urban population to the migration of people, mainly women, to the city in search for jobs. For those who got jobs, their primary concern was to support their families back in the rural areas giving the book the title ‘Breadwinning Daughters’. She further explains that in the job market, there were specific jobs for women such as nursing, teaching as well as clerical jobs. The limitations of these jobs were low wages and littl e or no access to power and privileges. The author points out that the young women had to sacrifice a lot to acquire their jobs as well as retain them. Most of the young employed women had to pay dearly to maintain their jobs. They had to quit their education to get a job to be able to support their families. The author explains that truncation of their education increased their vulnerability to jobs with low wages that had no privileges worsening their situations. In addition, employment delayed or even prevented young women from getting married at their desired age. In her research, Srigley found out that during the 1930s careers such as nursing, teaching and clerical works did not allow women to get married. As a result, most young women chose their career over family life although it was a major source of stress to them.Advertising Looking for article on canada? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author attributes the red uction of population in Canada during that time to the fact that fewer women chose to get married. For the women who chose other careers, they did not attract much attention if they did not present a significant threat to domesticity. Most of the women that Srigley interviewed admitted that truncation of their education as well as foregoing marriage were the most difficult choices they had ever made. Conclusion The book presents the major socioeconomic changes that occurred in Toronto during the Great Depression era-in the 1930s. The author’s findings explain the increase in the number of employed women in Toronto as well as the increase in urban population. She points out that though employment of women was important to the economy of the society, it deprived them some privileges such as pursuing their education for better careers as well as family life-marriage. This article on Review on Katrina Srigley’s book, Bread winning Daughters: Young Working Women in a Depression-Era City was written and submitted by user Dorothy R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Memorial Day Quotes and Sayings

Memorial Day Quotes and Sayings On Memorial Day, we commemorate the  soldiers who sacrificed their lives in battles to win or preserve our freedom. Many of them were young men and women who did not live long enough to fully experience the privileges that they fought to sustain. Use these Memorial Day quotes and sayings to honor their sacrifice. Francis A. Walker: We come, not to mourn our dead soldiers, but to praise them.Francis Marion Crawford: They fell, but oer their glorious grave floats free the banner of the cause they died to save.Daniel Webster: Although no sculptured marble should rise to their memory, nor engraved stone bear record of their deeds, yet will their remembrance be as lasting as the land they honored.Lucy Larcom: Life hangs as nothing in the scale against dear Liberty!Marcus Garvey: Chance has never yet satisfied the hope of a suffering people. Action, self-reliance, the vision of self and the future have been the only means by which the oppressed have seen and realized the light of their own freedom.Elizabeth Barrett Browning: And each man stand with his face in the light of his own drawn sword. Ready to do what a hero can.George F. Kennan: Heroism ... is endurance for one moment more.George Henry Boker: Fold him in his countrys stars. Roll the drum and fire the volley! What to him are all our wars, what but death be mocking folly? Benjamin Harrison: I have never been able to think of the day as one of mourning; I have never quite been able to feel that half-masted flags were appropriate on Decoration Day. I have rather felt that the flag should be at the peak because of those whose dying we commemorate rejoiced in seeing it where their valor placed it. We honor them in a joyous, thankful, triumphant commemoration of what they did.James A. Garfield: For love of country, they accepted death.Omar Bradley: Bravery is the capacity to perform properly even when scared half to death.Philip Freneau: But fame is theirs - and future days. On pillard brass shall tell their praiseLise Hand: Thats what it takes to be a hero, a little gem of innocence inside you that makes you want to believe that there still exists a right and wrong, that decency will somehow triumph in the end.Louis Pasteur: It is surmounting difficulties that makes heroes.James Gates Percival: Green sods are all their monuments, and yet it tells a noble r history than pillared piles or the eternal pyramids. Albert Einstein: So long as there are men there will be wars.Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain: Heroism is latent in every human soul. However humble or unknown, they (the veterans) have renounced what are accounted pleasures and cheerfully undertaken all self-denials; privations, toils, dangers, sufferings, sicknesses, mutilations, life-long hurts and losses, death itself? For some great good, dimly seen but dearly held.

Nursing and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing and Leadership - Assignment Example Despite that, there are a few challenges which are faced in the department. The interviewed Director of Nursing (DON) stated that the lack of LTC taught courses/classes to new graduate students is one of the challenges that they do face and that has to be resolved with immediate effect. This is due to the fact that the ratio of individuals at the centre who need LTC is higher than the staffs that are available to offer it. As a result, some inconveniences and hitches do occur while propagating for effective LTC. In a bid to counter the LTC problem, the leadership that is prevalent in the nursing department matters a lot. If the leadership is based on morale and productivity, then that will yield success in offering LTC to patients else more challenges are prone to be faced on a daily basis. With that, there are a number of leadership styles that can be practiced in the nursing department. However, these depend entirely on variables such as people and the environment. Some of the lead ership styles include: Democratic: This is one of the best leadership styles that a nursing department can incorporate. It advocates for the inclusion of the nurses in the decision making process. This makes them feel motivated as well as part and parcel of the health care facility committee. However, the senior nurse makes the final decisions; Authoritative: This style of leadership is stricter as compared to the democratic leadership style. The senior nurse makes all the decisions without the inclusion of the other nurses. Additionally, the senior nurse gives orders to be done and there is very close supervision of the nurses in the department. This is not the best approach to implement in a nursing environment. The nurses may feel de-motivated, neglected and they may lack innovation in their line of work; Affiliative: This leadership style is focussed on people (nurses). It ensures that the nurses have a satisfactory working environment so that they can deliver superior care serv ices to patients. This style is best to boost morale in the nurses. However, the senior nurse may lack their authoritative figure. Based on the response of the DON, the most effective and efficient leadership styles that ought to be incorporated are the democratic and affiliative leadership styles. In a bid to support this, Goleman (2000) suggested that leaders should incorporate a variety of leadership styles and focus on those that are fruitful. Some of the leadership skills that go hand in hand with good leadership styles include: Interpersonal skills - Which incorporate the aspects of managing the different and unique cultural diversities in the department. It is important for a leader to have the right knowledge while dealing with different cultures since a health care centre is a home to all types of people regardless of their ethnicity background; Democratic skills; Listening skills, Problem solving skills – Which help to solve problems without encountering big risks, Time management skills and Motivational skills. If a leader has a number of the mentioned skills,

The history of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The history of art - Essay Example However, these historical accounts on the Oliphants opens up the imagination and causes one to envision the lifestyle during the era it was being used. The intricate carvings on the Oliphants, as seen in the Oliphant at the Metropolitan Museum of Art show a meticulous spirit in the carver. Perhaps it was culture and tradition that dictated such workmanship at that era, but the intricacy of the design is impressive. Although there are Oliphants that are simply decorated as well, yet the design in still beautiful, as it is designed by hand. Aside from historical accounts of such, there is also the religious historical aspect that is associated with the Oliphants. As documented, it is stated that decorated Oliphants, usually with animals and scrolls are usually correlated with traditional Islam settings. The Oliphants is one of the unique creations of man that is functional - as it is used as a horn, and at the same time, an instrument of self-expression as it is designed intricately with meticulously done carvings, and even adorned with silver bands. As documented, the documentation of Oliphants is usually associated with traditional Islamic imagery. "Oliphant", being a word borrowed from old French, meaning "elephant", was first documented in the (English) translation of the Song of Roland in the 12th century.

Peacekeepin Peace Building And World Politics International Relations Essay

Peacekeepin Peace Building And World Politics International Relations Essay At the end of the cold war, internal conflicts around the world accounted for enormous loss of lives in which civilian non-combatant involved were estimated at about 90% (UNDP 2002, P.85). This trend represented a huge threat to regional and global stability as the spillover effect of these internal conflicts witnessed mass deaths and refugee movements across borders. The search for succor to this fiasco beamed a search light towards liberal peace building which aims to prevent a recurring violence and enduring long lasting peace in post conflict environments. The liberal peace paradigm is therefore predicated on a fundamental essence of establishing stability in post conflict societies through a prevailing peace building consciousness. As a post-mortem approach to conflict circumstances, liberal peace seeks to lay the foundation for long term stability through strengthened democracy and open market economics embedded in a framework for international peace. However, the historical experiment of the liberal peace model has been consequentially fratricidal especially in fragile and divided societies just emerging from civil war (Paris 2004, p.151). It therefore puzzles some commentators that the liberal peace model translates into a world view of a benevolent concept, which seeks to consolidate peace through concrete strategies of establishing socio-economic foundations juxtaposed with solid political framework for long term sustainable peace. This gap between the normative liberal peace concept and the empirical evidence obtained, paves way for criticism. This essay therefore seeks to inquire the conduct of liberal peace operations in post conflict societies by engaging existing debates that questions the practical consequences of the liberal peace project as evident in post civil war societies. Therefore the essay will be divided into four parts, the first part delves into the discursive debates of liberal peace, with a view to understanding the ideological choice of the subject matter. The second part looks at the empirical illustration that touches upon international institutions involvement in promoting liberal peace particularly in non advanced democracies and closed market societies around the world, this will help clarify and validate the inherent tensions in international peace building proposals. The thirdly part will underscore some of the challenges in establishing liberal peace, while the paper concludes by giving plausible recommendations as to how best the liberal peace model can be established without necessarily generating skepticism on its long term strategy towards a feasible world order. I find solace in the contention that liberal peace continuous to offer a more comprehensive international policy frame work for global peace, based on the assumptions that liberal market democracies rarely engage in violent war (Doyle 1986, P.1151). Uncapping Liberal Peace: The term liberal peace illustrates a policy agenda to locate alternatives to traditional peace keeping. Hence the liberal peace concept provides a comprehensive approach that entails, creates, and sustains a broad spectrum of processes, patterns, and stages necessary to transform hitherto conflict societies toward peaceful and sustainable ones. (Lederach 1997, P.20). Liberal peace however offers a robust range of structural options that precede formal peace making in violent societies. It stresses the key stages of peace to encompass a dynamic social condition that allows for non violent cessation alternative to civil conflict. The United Nations `agenda for peace` offers a valid insight into liberal peace, when the secretary general through a policy statement opined that post conflict peace building will vehemently seek to identify and nurture structures capable of strengthening and consolidating peace in the aftermath of civil war (Ghali 1992, p.32). By this statement it meant that the United Nations as a leading international security body identifies with the task that liberal peace sought to achieve. In accomplishing this task, the United Nations had to pioneer post conflict peace building efforts alongside other international agencies as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and a host of others. Giving the enormity of international peace builders in global discourse, a wide range of actors where involved, and their operational manifestations revealed that common strategies for consolidating peace in war-shattered societies was adopted (Paris 2004, p. 19). Liberal peace has therefore been conceived to be a western consensus to pioneer a global shift towards political and economic reform. In almost all parts of the world, liberal peace became â€Å"something close to a global theology† in post cold war era (Ake 1997, p.287). As a remedy for conflict prevention, multi-nationals also played roles of peace building agent through the promotion of good governance in developing countries. In today`s global politics, liberal peace has been transformed into a new interventionist norm within international security framework guided by a widely held assumption of conflict management theory (Chandler 2004, p.59). Interestingly, the principles that necessitated peace building experiments particularly at post civil conflict situations have attracted the attention of keen observers. Since there are no indications that peace building operations will be on the decline owing to `currency new wars`, in today`s international domain. The liberal peace debate does offer an opportunity to vigorously investigate into the prevailing conduct of peace building operations with a view to establishing effective strategies that suits the task of lasting peace in domestic post conflict environment and the world in a broader sense. Liberal Peace Building Records An Empirical analysis: Drawing on the ideas of Wilson that liberalism is essential to attaining peace and security within domestic and international political discourse. He asserts that democracy promotes the â€Å"ascendancy of reason over passion† and promises â€Å"the supreme and peaceful rule of counsel† offering a recipe for â€Å"peace and progress† in political life (Wilson 1968, p.90). Therefore the marketization and democratisation of post conflict societies especially after the cold war was in tandem with Wilson`s faith in the actual peace that liberalization could produce. Surprisingly the entrenchment of this optimistic formula in countries just emanating from internal conflict has exposed and provoked enormous tension, resulting in the constant questioning of the process of liberalization. The end of the cold war marked a water-shed in the promotion of liberal peace building across nation states. The United Nation and other international organizations became directly involved in several measures to proffer lasting peace on long-standing conflicts. During this period international organizations were willing to put in energies and resources in rehabilitating ‘failed states, as such the United Nations became increasingly proactive in cases of humanitarian crises on a large scale. Consequently, new peace building missions were launched by the United Nations Security Council to cope with the cases of civil conflicts that preceded the cold war. However, it is of interest to note that the pattern of peace building during this period was observed to have shifted beyond the traditional peace keeping in Westphalia sense. For instance in Cambodia the UN transitional authority (UNTAC) through its mandate temporarily took over administration of the domestic affairs (Schear 1996, p.174). The peace building manifestations saw UNTAC through an election and in that sense it was applauded for fostering peace through political liberalization, although the long term legacy of democratization in Cambodia showed that the elections brought relative calm to Cambodia during the election, but soon after the United Nation withdrew UNTAC the status quo returned. UNTAC, whose mandate was leveraged on a robust peace agreement between the warring groups in Cambodia, operated within the liberal peace building framework. The peace agreement was in principle a master plan to bring lasting peace to Cambodians through drafting a new constitution to accommodate the entrenchment of liberal democracy and a committed human rights declaration. This approach assumes that transforming Cambodia from a troubled state, to a liberal democratic one will move the country from its â€Å"far civil† situation to a peaceful political atmosphere. Indeed this prescription is what the liberal peace model identifies with in principle. In practice however, UNTAC penetrated the Cambodian local administrative network and in so doing lured Cambodia into adopting a market-disposed economic reform. These matrix of a liberal market democracy saw UNTAC accomplishing a transition process within six months to scheduled elections in Cambodia by may 1993 (Prasso 1995, P,39). By implication a thorough demobilization of belligerents which, was crucial to both an immediate peaceful electoral environment and after was hastily carried out. The short transition time table was excused on the need to deploy the military â€Å"to protect voter registration and subsequently, the electoral and polling processes, particularly in remote or insecure areas† (Boutros 1993, p. 4-5). The elections were held as scheduled with 90% registered voters participation and it seemed that the election was a reasonable vaccine that cured a dangerous political pr oblem at the time. Because this was perceived as a successful operation the United Nation deemed UNTAC withdrawal from Cambodia appropriate. Unfortunately, the election left a precarious plural society without necessarily having on ground a strong and established political institution to manage any tension that might occur. This point was fundamentally stressed by James Schear when he opined that: â€Å"The injection of political pluralism into the country, though welcomed in many respects, opened the door to an upsurge in violence that UNTAC was ill prepared to handle† (1996, p.174). Not astonishing however a catastrophic political wave rocked Cambodia again four years later, the outbreak of violence was majorly between two contending political party FUNCINPEC and CPP preparatory to an election. It is however necessary to note that, the democratization of Cambodia was not by implication a solely destabilizing factor responsible for an awakened violence in Cambodia, nevertheless democratization cause an unhealthy political competition that ignited the new fight leading up to the 1998 elections. Again it is difficult to argue that the peace builders in promoting liberalization in Cambodia deliberately left the country in a worst state, perhaps the case to be made here is that the empirical liberal peace approach of UNTAC as peace builders in Cambodia brings to fore a major weakness in the establishment of lasting peace, even though the mission (UNTAC) deserve some credit for implementing the peace agreement to the extent that the elections were held. A phenomenal d ifference would have been possible, if institutions strong enough to sustain liberal democracy in Cambodia were built before leaving it in the hands of local actors. In other words, as a long term strategy for long standing peace UNTAC could have consolidated on the accomplished elections through erecting liberal structures that can manage and implement the rule of law, human right declaration, civil liberty and individual freedom in Cambodia. Also, liberal peace has been held accountable in explaining the ideological assumptions that created policies leading to the invasion in Iraq. Although liberalism was not exclusively the policy agenda that nurtured the United States invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the invasion finds origin on the need to spread liberty and uphold individual freedom. As the president of the United States at the time did say on the eve to the invasion, â€Å"A new regime in Iraq would serve as a dramatic and inspiring example of freedom for other nations in the region† (Bush 2003) he meant by this statement that, establishing democratic norm all over the middle east was crucial to freedom in the region. This helps to explain the discourse with which liberal peace has become topical on global affairs, the argument in liberal peace has become increasingly controversial as it clearly touches on sovereignty. The national interest of the United States under the leadership of Bush after 9/11 set the pace for a complex definition of security. The explanatory philosophy within which Bush`s agenda setting can be understood was multifaceted. This was corroborated by Smith when he admits that from 2001, the United States presidents public statement on foreign policy began to build towards ‘a plausible rendering of a sophisticated ideology (2007, p.14). On this note, the philosophical premise upon which the United States invaded and occupied Iraq in 2003 can also be linked to neo-conservatism (Owen 2007, p 266). But more clearly neo-liberalism best prescribes the long term development strategy in which the invaders use to defend their actions. Since the liberal ideology does embrace the socio-political and economic gains of capitalism, the United States interprets invasion as pursuant to its commitment for improved human liberty by delivering freedom to all states in the international syst em, in the assumption that if nations and societies are free to choose their political and economic liberty there is a likelihood for international peace and stability It can therefore be pointed out that liberal peace influenced the policy of the United States in a strategic long term sense. The quest for regime change and individual freedom by the United States was based on the suspicion that the state poses a threat in enabling its citizens to exercise their free will. The corollary of which the United States as a progressive world body and a promoter of virtuous government (Williams 2005, p.318) invaded in the interest of international peace and stability. Although it is significant to mention that the Iraq circumstances is indeed unique, in the sense that efforts to rebuild Iraq was not born out of a post civil war experience. Rather the need to rebuild Iraq was an aftermath consequence of foreign invasion. Perhaps the inference of Iraq here is to show the desire to establish material economic prosperity and democratic value just after the invasion. Arguably the lessons from Iraq, does not necessarily fit into the general nature of peace building in internally generated conflicts, it bears similar challenges that actual civil war reconstruction pioneered by liberal peace philosophy face. The challenges of contemporary liberal peace: The records of entrenching liberal peace have continued to be flawed with failures. The costs of failure have been phenomenal both to the immediate society where the conflict is present and the international community in general. It is therefore in this context that we are keen to ascertain the obstructing factors towards the construction of lasting peace through liberal peace objectives. Suffice to mention at this juncture that the `right of humanitarian intervention` deployed by liberal states to protect individual rights internationally has given rise to a legitimacy question. In a bid to safeguard individual rights, the liberals justify intervention in humanitarian terms; they claim that even though the framework for intervention is not clearly embedded in the UN charter, the new consciousness for international peace makes intervention morally legitimate. This view is been refuted by the realist`s school as they continually stress that the international norm for peace is anchored on state oriented collective security agenda of the United Nations. Therefore, the incompatibility of `state sovereignty` to cope with the new interventionist norm of liberal peace, constitutes a fundamental challenge which undermines the progress of liberal peace. Hence the challenges of liberal peace will be described under the following headings:- Humanitarian Intervention:- The concept of humanitarian intervention has been problematic in erecting liberal peace architecture internationally. Since liberal peace often attempts to create the framework for international order via interventions, the moral defense in todays anarchical world is hard to find. Efforts to legitimize intervention, for human security purpose culminated in the constitution of an Independent Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). The commission was mandated to resolve the moral friction between `intervention and sovereignty` in a desire to evolve a holistic agreement on how to shift from debates towards action. Nonetheless the commission argued that Intervention remains a moral and ethical issue, noting that the universal declaration of human rights is a tool for alienating individual rights based on normative liberal claims. This implies that the onus is morally on the state as a `moral agent` to protect the rights of its citizenry, except in cases where such rights are being abused, external intervention can be excused based on consent. The absence of consent triggered the dilemma on the United Nations involvement in Iraq; perhaps if authorization and endorsement were sought the crisis of legitimacy would not have arisen. In this circumstance, liberal peace suffers from internationalizing the `right of intervention`, as the primary `responsibility to protect` beckons on the state concerned. The Intervening power of the international community should be exercised where an unprecedented lack of the state willingness to manage its sovereignty is manifest. Activities on non state actors:- The activities of non-state actor in some internationally sponsored peace building arrangement may point to a very crucial factor against the success of liberal peace. Since contemporary civil conflict has become large scaled, it practically becomes impossible for the United Nations to solely combat or manage conflict across different locations. Thus, non-state actors get involved in the spread of liberal peace through peace building missions. However it can be argued that this exercise, impacts on an un-even spread of democratic principles, this could be the case when some multi-national firms for instance will assist in establishing liberal peace norms where they operate, partly because the eruption of war disrupts their economic activities. Others may for some reasons support the conflict since its economic activity thrives during war time circumstance. In the third world particularly, the trend of arms trade by private military companies to insurgents has occasioned huge export capital during the mid 1980`s, constituting a precarious repercussion for peace building efforts. The United Nations secretary general once pointed out that the proliferation of illicit weapons pose a grave threat to democracy, peace, human right and indeed peace keeping mission (Annan 2000 p. 238-47). Given these instances and a variety of other reasons, the consolidation of peace through liberal peace tenets has continued to witness threats and delay capable of undermining the positive effect of liberalisation. Towards a more efficacious peace building approach The failure or achievement of liberal peace building mission ought to be seen in the light of the ideological weakness of liberalism. More so the contention in the debate has been the extent to which liberal peace building is been coercively showcased as a constitutive pillar for a sanitized international order. The interventionist pattern of international organizations in civil war circumstance has been described as a blow to state sovereignty especially in developing nations of the world (Dodge, 2004 p. 4-5). The recurring destabilizing effect of liberal peace in fragile post conflict societies therefore warrant an alternative approach. While it is still necessary to transform war torn societies towards market oriented democracies, the strategy of building viable institutions as the sub-structure upon which liberal norm is built seem plausible (Paris 2004, p.179). This strategy engages a more thorough process of transforming post conflict states into peace heavens. The apparent immediacy employed by peace building mission to spread democracy has sacrificed the necessary conditions of doing so on the altar of weak state structures. Roland Paris best captures this by opining that: â€Å"What is needed in the immediate post conflict period is not democratic ferment and economic upheaval, but political stability and the establishment of effective administration over the territory† (2004, P.187). This brings to attention, the central elements of a peace building strategy which stresses the need to institutionalize before liberalizing. It puts at the very core of a democratic agenda, the very conditions that eschew electoral violence during and after election, based on a long term plan through an objective commitment to the moderation of political parties. Rather than hastily conducting elections on the assumption that democratic society are usually less violent. At the instance of institutionalizing before liberalizing, the success of peace building missions would be anchored on the construction of viable institutional settings capable of absorbing the pressure of elections especially where the contestants and voters alike are just emerging from conflict. More so a functional institution will require the ability to enforce constitutional doctrines with an independent judicial mechanism prior to elections, therefore the idea of institution building ultimately seeks to ensure that transition towards democracy is prolonged in a manner that prepares war shattered states to be ripe for election (Paris 2004. P.188) Conclusion: It is interesting to observe that even the early coiners of classical liberal theory, wrote about the contemporary challenges peace builders encounter. For instance Thomas Hobbes`s `leviathan` creates an insight on the crucial conditions incumbent for a peaceful and stable society (Hobbes 1968, p.86) although Hobbes was not inclined to liberal believes, his work influenced the thinking of liberal philosophers like John Locke when he opined that the state of nature was anarchical and that the formation of a unanimous government based on consent will help guarantee a lawful and peaceful society (Locke 1963, p.395). Central to these claims is the need to evolve viable government institutions as a pre-condition for both domestic and international peace. It is true that economically closed societies with repressive political arrangement can be incubators for conflict possibilities, hence constituting a fundamental treat to international peace and security. However a cursory look at the liberal peace building approach shows a deliberately hurried transformation process towards market based economies in post conflict societies. In sum, the aim of Wilsonian peace building strategy (liberal peace) is not irrelevant in its entirety; rather the broad goal of a peaceful international system has been undermined due to a twist in recent practice. Since democracy which liberal peace advocates, fosters a social contract upon which socio-economic and political tensions that threaten the stability of societies and states can be managed. (Ghali 1996, para. 17-122). The institutionalize before liberalize campaign will aid in the dissemination of a less faulty democratization and marketization formula for long term peace in post civil war states around the world. Bibliography: Annan, K. (2000) We the Peoples: The role of the United United nation in the 21st century (New York: United Nations department for public information) Bush G.W. (2003), The president discusses the future of Iraq at the American enterprise institute: Washington Hilton hotel (Washington DC) February 26. Chandler, D. (2004) The responsibility to protect?Imposing the liberal peace: International Peace-keeping. Vol.11 No.1 p.59-81 Dodge, T. (2004) The invasion of Iraq and the reordering the post colonial word: Newsletter of the British international studies association. January 7 p4-5. Doyle, M.W. (1986) Liberalism and World Politics: American political science review. Vol 80 No.4 December p.1151 Ghali, B. B. (1992) An agenda for peace: Preventive diplomacy, peace-making and peace-keeping (New York: United Nation) Ghali B. B. (1996) An agenda for Development (New York: United Nations) Ghali, B. B. (1993) Third progress report on UNTAC: UN document no.s/25154, January 25. Para. 41. Hobbes, T. (1968) Leviathan, (eds) C.B MacPherson (New York: Penquin Book) Lederach, J. P. (1997) Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, D.C: U.S. Institute of Peace Press,) p. 20 Locke, J (1963) Two treaties of government. (New York: Cambridge University Press) Owens, P. (2007) Beyond Strauss, lies and the war in Iraq: Hannah Arendt`s critique of neoconservativism. Review of international studies Vol 33 No.2 p. 266 Paris, R. (2004) At war`s end: Building peace after civil conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press) Prasso, S. ( 1995) Cambodia: A 3 billion boondoggle, Bulletine of the atomic scientist Vol 51 No 2 p.36-40 Rhodes, E. (2003) The imperial logic of Bush`s liberal agenda: Survival Vol 45 No.1 p. 144 Schear, J. A. (1996) â€Å"Riding the tiger: The united nations and Cambodia`s struggle for peaceâ€Å" in Williams J. D. (eds) UN peace-keeping, American politics and uncivil wars of the 1990`s (New York: St. Martin`s) Smith, T. (2007) A pact with the devil: Washington`s bid for world for world supremacy and the betrayal if the American promise (New York: Routledge) UNDP (2002) Human development report, (New York: Oxford University Press) Wilson, W. (1968) The modern democratic state in Arthurs S. Link (eds) The papers of Woodrow Wilson, Vol 5 (Princeton University Press) Williams, M. C. (2005) What is the national interest? The neoconservative challenge in IR theory. European journal of international relations Vol 11:3 P318