Eating †Food Essay

We live in a world where there are some people that live to eat. And we live in a world where there are some people who eat to live. Also, we live in a world where people are struggling to eat in order to live. We reside in a world where there are many societies that eat different foods based on their cultures and the region of the world where they live. As humans, the majority of us eats and places our food in our mouths. In this biological process, the food is chewed and goes down into our esophagus channeling into our stomachs. This whole process affects our blood, tissues, muscles, bones, synapses and brain function. In addition, the largest organ of our bodies which is our skin is also affected with this food process by the choices of the kinds of food we eat. What is so relevant about this information? First of all, what does it matter what kind of foods we eat? Who cares? Do you think our bodies respond to the food we choose to eat knowing that this is harmful for us? Is it a habit to eat foods we were taught to eat? Have we become so accustomed to this habit that we do not venture to explore the tastes of other foods from other cultures? In America, we reside in a culture where our Western values appear to be more concerned about the taste of manufactured and processed foods. We need to explore how our ancestors nurtured the earth with natural foods to instill into our bodies. We do have a choice. We can continue to destroy our bodies with artificial ingredients or we can live healthy lives with the natural and refreshing tastes of food from our ancestor’s heritages: African, European, Asian, Latino, Mexican, Hispanic, and Middle Eastern etc. Why are these food thoughts and words necessary? Because ’Food’ weaves in and out of our novels from Shange’, Morrison, Bailey, Naylor, Marshall, Dash etc. Therefore, due to this food consciousness, the following explains how I claimed a new food journey. I have adopted the foods of the Geechee Gullah (excluding the pork) to include in my diet. As my tissues and my flesh continue to change, I am very careful what I store into my physical system. I realize how essential it is to share a food reality with young people to inform them what they eat now and continue to eat into their 30?s, 40? s and 50? s will affect not only their bodies, this will affect their spirits as well. It is not enough to come to the table in the kitchen or the dining room or the Maidah spread on the floor, relishing all the colorful and delicious foods while sharing it with family. What if food choices while eating with family, cause an illness? What if we eat too much food? Is it possible to lose our sense of connection when not eating healthy? We have to understand ‘who’ our bodies are first, in order to understand the spiritual aspects of how good food is filled with healing powers! All of this creates where we come from, who we are and where we are going. Can you, as the reader of this article explain what this writer did not include in the following questions in reference to central themes (see words in parenthesis) in our novels? Are we those that can (fly? ) Are we those that can (sing? ) Are we those that can (dance? ) Are we those that can (cook? ) Do we (connect) with our heritage? Are we those women that speak and voice the truth to our bodies and protect our flesh, knowing we are more than just flesh that embodies our blood, bones, tissues and muscles? This writer believes and says, we are a result of our ancestor’s wherever they came from†¦we are warrior women protecting our continuing journey in this world to do the right thing. We do not just live to eat. We eat food to live a life filled with â€Å"natural simple foods† as sister Bailey believes, when she shares her food ‘wisdom’ on Sapelo Island.

Introduction to Forensic Pathology

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY OFFICER TRAINING COURSE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH – SOUTHERN DISTRICT Introduction The purpose of the course is to teach the basics of forensic medicine to mortuary technicians with no previous knowledge of the subject. The main emphasis will be on mortuary technique, but related aspects of forensic science will be taught.The course addresses the aspects of forensic medicine that are most frequently encountered in practice, including those that may become the subject of testimony in court. THE AUTOPSY The word autopsy means, â€Å"to look at oneself†. Many other terms are used such as necropsy (to look at the dead) and postmortem (after-death). They all mean the same thing. Autopsies have been performed for a long time, and over the years the value of the autopsy has been proven.It is of use in: Assistance to family – inherited diseases, understanding the death of a loved one, peace of mind Medical Staff – hospitals and doctors can learn abou t diseases, diagnosis and also treatment Justice and Safety and Security – important information for prosecution of cases Social – insurance claims, paternity, maternity, compensation Public Health – infections such as meningitis, tuberculosis Notes: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Acts Regulating the Performance of Post-Mortem Examinations ACT | AIMS OF ACT | |Health Act 63 of 1977 |Postmortem in cases of contagious and infectious diseases | | |Consent of family not needed | | |Body must be exhumed if buried | | |Deals with transplantation of organs | | |Deals with removal of tissue from deceased | |Inquest Act 58 of 1959 |Procedures to be followed in unnatural deaths | | |Consent of family not needed | | |Report for inquest or criminal case | | |Removal of tissue allowed for investigation purposes | |Births and Deaths Registration Act 51 0f 1992 |Defines births and stillbirths and procedures to be followed | | |Defines conditions where a death certificate may not be issued | |Correctional Services Act 111 of 1998 |Provides for the reporting of prisoners dying of unnatural | | |causes | |Health Professions Act 56 of 1974 |Defines anaesthetic deaths | |Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act 78 of 1973 |Provides for patients who worked in mines – heart and lungs to | | |be sent for further testing | | |Permission from family is needed in natural deaths | | |If postmortem being done under another Act (e. g. Inquest Act), | | |then organs may be removed and sent away without consent | Notes: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Types of Autopsies The above Acts of law dictate which type of postmortem should be performed. A. The Clinical or Academic autopsy. Performed in terms of the Health Act. Usually performed by histopathologists attached to hospitals. The main indications are: a.Determining cause of death b. Providing correl ation between medical management and symptoms c. Determining the effectiveness of therapy d. Educating students and other health care workers e. Studying disease processes B. The Forensic Autopsy. Performed in terms of the Inquests Act. The objective is to apply medical knowledge to legal questions in the pursuit of justice. Usually performed by forensic pathologists or trained medical officers. a. Determination of cause of death b. Determining the time of death c. Recovering and identifying evidence d. Providing interpretation of findings e. Providing reports for law enforcement and justice Notes: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ What is Pathology? Just as there are different types of autopsies, there are different types of pathologists. Pathology means the study of disease. Disease is defined as abnormalities in the functioning and structure of the parts of the body.Pathology can also mean the scientific study of the causes and effects of disease. Pathology may be divided into: Histopathology or Anatomical Pathology – this branch of pathology deals with autopsies and examination of changes in tissues using a microscope and other techniques. E. g. If you have a lump under your skin, the doctor can take a small piece of tissue from the lump and send it to the histopathologist who will examine it under the microscope and make a diagnosis and recommend treatment. Chemical Pathology – diseases produce changes in the fluids of the body e. g urine, blood, spinal fluid. These body fluids can be exam ined and diagnoses of disease can be made from the results. E. g.When you are sent for a blood test, the chemistry of your blood is examined by a Chemical Pathologist who may then make a diagnosis. Microbiology – The study of how bacteria and viruses cause disease by examination of body tissues and fluids and isolation of organisms. E. g. pus swabs will be sent to a microbiologist to identify the bacteria causing the disease. The microbiologist will then recommend the appropriate treatment. Forensic pathology – Forensic pathology is a branch of histopathology where a trained pathologist will examine the body and it’s tissues and offer opinions on how trauma has caused disease or disturbance in the body. Forensic pathologists have knowledge of all branches of pathology as applied to death, dying and disease. Notes: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Health and Safety in the Mortuary The mortuary can be a dangerous place. Most dangerous in this environment is the individual who is ignorant of or who ignores the potential hazards at postmortem. Such people are a danger to themselves and others. A. Risks and Hazards a. Tuberculosis Caused by inhaling the agent through the air.It is rare to contract TB through the skin. With the current HIV epidemic, strains of the TB-bacterium that are very resistant to treatment are occurring. This makes contracting the disease a greater risk than before. It has been shown that corpses are more infectious than living patients. b. HIV Although there is fear of acquiring HIV through postmortems, the risk of getting HIV in this way is very low. There is currently only 1 recorded case of occupational-acquired HIV infection in a pathologist. The overall risk of getting HIV after accidental exposure by needlestick is only 0-0. 42%. Splashes of fluids into eyes/mouth carry an infection rate of 0. 04-0. 63%.Aerosol risk (breathing infected air) has not been reported. HIV can be isolated from the cranial bones, brain and spinal fluid up to 5 days after death. No HIV could be isolated from bone dust. HIV is weak once outside the body, and is easily inactivated by a solution of bleach (Jik/Domestos), formalin, alcohol, peroxide or phenol (Jeyes Fluid). c. Hepatitis B and C The way you can acquire Hepatitis B or C is similar to HIV, that is by risky sexual behaviour, intravenous drug use or through accidental occupational exposure. Hepatitis B is very infectious and staff who have not been vaccinated against Hepatitis B should not perform postmortems.Hepatitis C is less infectious, but there is no vaccination against it. The risk of transmission is 3-10%. d. Other diseases Certain viruses and bacteria can cause considerable discomfort for the autopsy technician, but are treatable. Postmortems on patients with haemorrhagic fevers are prohibited unless they are performed in specialised mortuaries. How do you reduce risk? A. Immunisation – all staff involved in autopsies or who come in contact with material from autopsies should be vaccinated against tetanus, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis and hepatitis B. B. Pre-autopsy testing – where there is reason to believe that a corpse is infected with a highly infectious organism, testing should be done before autopsy.HIV-testing in hospital autopsies is appropriate and consent is not needed. C. Clothing – the following should be worn at all times: cap, eye protection, face mask, surgical gowns and clothes, boots, apron and at least one pair of gloves. Wearing too many layers of clothes is dangerous because it makes the technician clumsy and uncomfortable. D. Reduce aerosol f ormation – care should be used when using power saws to open the skull. Intestines should only be opened under water. High pressure water hoses should not be used. Avoid splashing when handling organs. E. Equipment – equipment should be kept to a minimum and should be kept in clear view at all times. Scalpels

Advancement of Civic Engagement by Community Foundations...

The role of civic engagement in neighborhood revitalization, particularly in low income African American communities, has gained increased awareness and in recent years. Community, nonprofit, and government leaders now view civic engagement as a critical component of effective solutions as they seek to address crime, unemployment, low graduation rates and numerous other neighborhood challenges. Several successful initiatives have come to fruition and provide strong evidence of the benefits that increased civic engagement provides. Experts commonly define civic engagement as individual and group actions that collectively address general issues of concern that are public in nature. Civic engagement takes many forms such†¦show more content†¦Such efforts are by no means new as neighborhood revitalization through the civic engagement of residents in low income communities has long been a funding priority of the philanthropic community. The African American community in pa rticular, hard hit by social and economic challenges, presents many opportunities for the increased civic engagement on the part of residents to promote changes in approaches and strategies. Community foundations have the resources and commitment to community revitalization to make significant inroads into solving the problems in low income communities. Tester, Ruel, Anderson, Reitzes, and Oakley (2011) describe issues such as urban renewal as directly responsible for the decline and destruction of low-income African American communities. They argue that strategies such as relocating residents of public housing and high crime areas for example are not solutions to the root cause of the problem – lack of support, inadequate resources, and isolation. Further, relocating residents of these communities does not result in improved quality of life. 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The Cold War During World War II - 1882 Words

The Cold War started soon after the end of World War II, when allying countries realized that their ideas and beliefs did not coincide with the others, making it difficult to ensure world peace and making it necessary to alter principles and morals in order to come to agreements in favor of international asylum. In war, an enemy s enemy is a friend, which is exactly why the United States and the Soviet Union allied during World War II to defeat Nazi Germany, but once the war had ended, the war allies had nearly nothing in common: the Soviet Union wanted to spread and defend communism, the United States wanted to spread and defend capitalism, although the way the U.S.S.R enforced its ways was usually through violence, oppression, and†¦show more content†¦The U.S.S.R hoped to gain a larger spread of their communist influence throughout the world, especially in third world countries, but their former war ally’s goal was to defend capitalism. Each thought the otherâ€℠¢s ideologies were incorrect and theirs superior. This caused a power struggle between two countries that would soon become two of the biggest superpowers in the world and put them in a position where they would have to either agree with each other or overpower each other. There was little trust between the Soviet Union and the United States for many reasons, but mostly because they could not tell what the other was thinking or what the other was going to do next. This caused a lot of suspicion, and the United States started performing many covert operations under the cover of the Central Intelligence Agency. Many of their operations would be considered unethical if discovered by American citizens, such as mind control drugs and secretly invading air space that was previously agreed upon as private. But the United States had to do these things because they considered it necessary to prevent an unseen attack. Gaddis further explained their reasoning, For them the issue was simple: Th e Soviet Union had been engaging in espionage, financing front organizations, subverting foreign governments, and seeking to

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 1159 Words

The short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† by Kate Chopin is about a woman who dies after finding out that her husband, believed to be deceased, is actually alive. The short story â€Å"The Fathers Confession,† by Guy de Maupassant is about a man who confesses to a crime he committed to his children in a letter after he passes away. A close reading of these stories reveals themes of repressive relationships and freedom. In addition, the reader gains insight through analyzing characters with use of technical strategies. An analysis of setting in â€Å"The story of an Hour’’ reveals the theme that repressive relationships can be unhealthy. The story focuses on Mrs. Louise Mallard, a woman with heart problems, who hears the false news of her husband’s death. Instead of becoming upset, as one would expect, Mrs. Mallard takes only a moment to grieve before becoming inwardly joyful. When the deceased Mr. Brently shows up, his wife is thought to have died of joy. Mrs. Mallard is constricted by gender role expectations during the time in which she lives. During that period, a single woman had no power in the society. A woman depended on her husband to meet her needs. However, in this story, it is evident that Mrs. Mallard does not want to be under her husband’s leadership or care; this is evident after Mr. Mallard’s sudden reappearance. Likewise, analysis of setting in â€Å"A Father’s Confession† also reveals the theme of repressive relationship. The story centers on M. Badon, a father whoShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface meaning. 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According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know thatRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. 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The effects of excessive television viewing free essay sample

Television viewing can effect a child positively or negatively. Positive views of television are that TV can entertain the child as well as educate them it can also open them up to other places and things in the world that can’t be seen from their home town. However, too much television can be harmful to the child. According to Statistic Brain Research (2012) children spend 1,480 minutes per week watching television. That is nearly 25 hours a week of television viewing. Allowing a child to watch that much television could effect the child’s behavior depending on what is they are watching and its health by allowing a child to watch television and snack. Parents often give their child a snack and put them in front of television to get things done around the house. Are They harming a child by doing so? UNIT 2 IP Introduction Discussed in this essay are 2 effects that excessive television watching has on children and what parents can do to help prevent those effects. We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of excessive television viewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many effects of television but health and behavior are two of the most common effects it has on children. How Television effects their health Typically parents give their child snacks as they watch television. Allowing a child to snack while watching TV can lead to that child being overweight. Your child’s metabolism slows down which means they burn less calories. The TV ads encourage unhealthy eating habits by advertising fast foods and beverages that are high in sugar. 2/3rds of the 20,000 television ads an average child sees each year are generally for foods and snacks that are not healthy for them. Those ads are shown during the after school hours when  children are normally watching television upon doing other things. Watching television replaces children’s physical activity like going outside and playing. Little to no physical activity and those sugary beverages and fast foods tends to make the child gain weight because they are not moving around enough to burn those calories. How Television Effects Their Behavior By the age of 18 the average American child will see nearly 200,000 violent acts and 16,000 of them being murders. Children TV often contain more violence than adult TV. Cartoon where the super hero â€Å"the good guy† kills the villains â€Å"the bad guy† encourages violence and leads children to think that is the right thing to do. Shows tends to honor violence as a way to get what they want (i. e. bullying). Continued viewing of these types of shows can lead to a child becoming less affectionate to others. It can also affect them in the opposite away by traumatizing and frightening the child. Being frighten by TV can lead to nightmares, afraid of the dark, and not wanting to be alone. Children may view the world as a bad, mean or scary place after watching TV of such content. What Can You Do As a Parent? As a parent you can: Lead by example Monitor what the child watches Encourage them to do other things outside of watching television Limiting the amount of TV the child watch Get them involved in an after school program (i. e. clubs, sports) By doing the things listed above you prevent the child just sitting inside snack watching TV and being inactive. Getting your child to become more active prevents the child from being overweight and many other health problems associated with unhealthy eating and lack of physical activity. A key point is to lead by example. If you as the parent sit and watch television for long periods of time and eat the wrong the foods the child will think it is okay for them to do the same. They will also rebel you and not listen thinking well if mom does it so can I. CONCLUSION In closing a child watching too much TV is harmful can lead to many poor effects on children. Being active and involved in the child life by monitoring what they watch, and preventing the child from being exposed to the negative shows and rated r things on television prevents your child from those poor effects of television.

periods-of-PHILIT Essays - Southeast Asia, Filipino People, Writers

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE I. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (--BC to1564) A.Characteristics 1. Basedonoraltraditions 2. Crude on ideology and phraseology B.LiteraryForms 1.OralLiterature a. Riddles (bugtong) - battle of witsamong participants Tigmo -Cebu Paktakon-Ilonggo Patotdon - Bicol b. Proverbs (salawikain) - wise sayings that contain a metaphor used toteach as a food for thought c. Tanaga - amono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is "more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric." 2.Folk Songs -It is aform of folk lyric which expresses the hopes andaspirations, the people's lifestyles as well as their loves. Theseare often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive. a. Heleoroyayi-lullaby b.Ambahan (Mangyan) - 7-syllable per line poem that are about human relationships and socialentertainment c. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the people d. Tagay (Cebuanoand Waray) - drinking song e. Kanogan (Cebuano) - song of lamentation for the dead 3.FolkTales a.Myths -explain howthe worldwas created, howcertain animals possess certain characteristics, whysome places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna. b.Legends-explaintheoriginofthings example: Why the Pineapple Has Eyes, The Legend of Maria Makiling c.Fables- usedanimalcharactersand allegory d. Fantastic stories - deal with underworld characters such as "tiyanak","aswang", "kapre" and others 4.Epics-These are "narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural eventsor heroic deeds" (Arsenio Manuel) Examples: Lam-ang(Ilocano) Hinilawod(Panay) Kudaman(Palawan) Darangen(Maranao) II.SPANISHCOLONIZATIONPERIOD(1565-1863) A.Characteristics 1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular 2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication B. LiteraryForms 1.Religious Literature -Religious lyrics written by ladino poets orthose versedin both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language. a. Pasyon -longnarrativepoemabout the passion and deathof Christ.The most popular was "Ang Mahal na Passion niJesu Cristong Panignoon Natin" by Aguino de Belen. b. Senakulo -dramatization of the pasyon,it shows the passionand deathofChrist. 2.Secular(non-religious) Literature a. Awit- colorful talesofchivalrymadefor singingand chanting Example: Ibong Adarna b. Korido- metrical talewritten inoctosyllabicquatrainsExample:Florante atLaura byF. Baltazar c.Prose Narratives -written to prescribe proper decorum i.Dialogo ii.ejemplo iii.ManualdeUrbanidad iv. tratado Examples: Modesto de Castro's " Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na siUrbana at si Feliza" and Joaquin Tuason's "Ang Bagong Robinson" (The NewRobinson) in 1879 III.NATIONALISTIC/PROPAGANDAANDREVOLUTIONARYPERIOD(1864 - 1896) A.Characteristics 1. Planted seeds of nationalism inFilipinos 2. Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog 3. Addressed the masses instead of the "intelligentsia" B. Literary Forms 1.PropagandaLiterature- Reformatoryinobjective a.Political Essays- satires, editorialsandnews articles werewritten to attack and expose the evils ofSpanish rule i. DiariongTagalog -foundedbyMarcelo delPilar ii. LaSolidaridad -whose editor-in-chiefisGraciano Lopez-Jaena b.PoliticalNovels i.Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo- JoseRizal's masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution 2. RevolutionaryLiterature-morepropagandisticthanliteraryasitismoreviolent in nature anddemanded complete independence forthe country a. Political Essays - helped inflame the spirit of revolution i.Kalayaan - newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto b.Poetry i.True Decalogue -ApolinarioMabini ii. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas - AndresBonifacio iii. Liwanag at Dilim - Emilio Jacinto. IV.AMERICANCOLONIALPERIOD (1910- 1945) A. Period ofApprenticeship (1910-1930) 1. Filipino Writers imitated English and American models 2. Poems writtenwere amateurish andmushy,which phrasingand dictionis awkward and artificial a. Short Stories i. Dead Stars - Paz Marquez Benitez ii. The Key - Paz Latorena iii. Footnote to Youth - Jose Garcia Villa b. Novels i.ChildeofSorrow- firstnovel in English, by ZoiloGalang B.Period of Emergence(1920-1930) 1.Highly influenced byWesternliterarytrends like Romanticism and Realism a.ShortStories-mostprevalentliteraryform i.JoseGarciaVilla-earnedtheinternationaltitle"PoetoftheCentury" V.JAPANESEOCCUPATION(1942-1960) A. War Years(1942-1944) 1.Tagalogpoets brokeawayfrom the Balagtastradition andinstead wrote in simple language and free Verse. 2. Fictionprevailedoverpoetry a.25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) - compilation of the short story contest by themilitary government i.Suyuan saTubigan- MacarioPineda ii.LupangTinubuan-NarcisoReyes iii.UhawangTigangnaLupa- Liwayway Arceo B. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960) 1. Bountiful harvest in poetry,fiction, drama and essay 2. FilipinowritersmasteredEnglishandfamiliarizedthemselveswith diverse techniques 3. Literary"giants"appeared a. Palanca Awards for Literature i. JoseGarciaVilla ii. NickJoaquin iii. NVMGonzales iv. BienvenidoSantos v. Gregorio Brillantes vi. GildaCordero Fernando b. NationalArtistAwards i. JoseGarciaVilla ii.NickJoaquin VI.CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1960- PRESENT) A.Characteristics 1. MartialLawrepressed andcurtailedhumanrights,includingfreedom ofthe press 2. Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship 3. Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. EducationalTheater Association) and UP Theater. 4. From theeightiesonwards,writers continue toshow dynamismand innovation Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/36510088/Philippine-Literary-Periods#scribd

Comparison Between the Jungle and Fast Food Nation

Comparison Between the Jungle and Fast Food Nation The Jungle is a book written by a journalist who aimed at bringing out the kind of life experienced by those who had migrated to the United States. Although, the novel was then interpreted and used to expose the situation of the health that was being experienced in the industry (Sullivan 1996).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between the Jungle and Fast Food Nation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book elaborates on the harsh conditions of people who migrated to the United States. The Jungle talks more of the problems that people both employed and unemployed faced out off the high level of corruption in by the leaders in the state. The writer of the book came up with suggestion on what ought to be done to eliminate the issue of minimal salaries among the citizens, hence, improve the living standards of the people in the United States. The writer of the novel brings out the picture of America as a natio n that is experiencing various food problems as a result of fast food cuffs, hence, threatening the lives of many citizens in the region (Cecilia 2004). Despite of their advantage of having numerous food supplies in the region, people in the state continue to suffer instead of enjoying the food resources. The writer feels that this is a problem that people created for themselves due to their unhealthy practices that lead to death as well as severe illnesses. There were numerous similarities in the United States on the way people were treated by the government as well as their day to day life. Both the state faced almost common problems as well as close kind of hardship despite of the differences in the kind of resources that were found in the two regions (Jacobs 2010). The writers did not only focus on the problems that the citizens were experiencing but also viewed at the possible solutions that could employed to diminish the problems in the two regions. In the writing, the writer elaborated on the problems that come hand in hand as a result of poor planning by the government, corruption as well as minimal wages among the employed citizen, thus, making the lives of the citizen difficult (Sullivan 1996). With the increased level of poverty in the United States, many people and mostly the immigrants face the greatest challenge in trying to meet their daily needs. However, there are some people who are concerned with the low living standard of the members of the states, for instance, the writer of fast food nations who went to an extra mile by organizing for supervision on the meat packing facilities but his effort fails to work out as people allocated to perform the duties were so reluctant to notice the poor hygiene in the plants. This does not help much in improving the already low level of living in the region reason being that the government was not concerned with its people (Tichi 2004). This could have been enhanced by the fact that the government in the region was also corrupt making the situation even worse.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In both states, the major cause of health problems came as a result of cattle rearing by the citizen. However, the problem was not alls about the rearing of the animals but the processes that followed after the animals were ready for consumption. For instance, in the United States, the writer discovers that the level of cleanliness in the meat plant was low as those concerned could only clean them only when there was going to be an inspection. This, therefore, portrays how much the citizen consumed unhealthy meat from the company. Nevertheless, the efforts of those who tried to expose the kind of unhealthy activities taking place in the regions were cut short by those who wanted to hide the true face of the governance in the region. This was done by reporters who said that t he information given by the writer were just false allegation and that they were misleading since they were baseless. As well, in America, the state of the unhealthy conditions was also experience by the citizens. As in the United States, the hazardous practices were also taking place in the meat companies. The processing of meat was found to be unhygienic for human consumption but the people in the states consumed it without their knowledge. In the United States, the conditions were worse as compared to those in America (Jacobs 2010). The reason behind this was because the carcasses from pigs, chicken as well as from horse were incorporated into cattle feed. Thus, these kinds of practices were the major cause of diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy commonly known by the people in the regions as Mad Cow Disease. The consumption of the unhygienic meat not only caused diseases in those who consumed it but it also led to introduction of detrimental micro organisms like E. col i in the meat, hence, this could eventually lead to sickness among the citizens. In the same state, there were other diseases like obesity which was also a threat to the health as well as to the lives of the citizens. Teen labor was also a challenge to the immigrants of the United States as every member of the family was expected to work to aid in supporting the family. This was after the family became a victim of the con men as well as schemes that exhausted their saving. The situation was even more terrible as it diminished all what the citizens had saved to a point of not being in a position to pay for the cheap accommodation that could be easily acquired in the low standard houses known as slums (Sullivan 1996). This lead to eviction of the immigrants leaving the members frustrated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison Between the Jungle and Fast Food Nation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The different o ccupations as well as lifestyle of the family change their lives from that juncture. This was greatly contributed by the harsh condition they faced at workplace. The situation at work place was made worse by the hardships they faced such as accidents that occurred at workplace as well as deaths of the members of their family that with proper conditions as well as planning could have been avoided. Sexual harassment is also a problem in the two states especially in the United States where the level of security was poor as well as the migrants lacking a government that would cater about their wellbeing (Tichi 2004). Also, the kind of government that was found in the region was so corrupt, hence, no one could promote the security in the region. Those who could not speak English in both novels, that is the immigrants, were discriminated as they could not acquire good jobs as well as they were not counted as important to the society and hence, they could not associate with the others in t he community. This led them be with no choice of the kind of jobs to do, hence, ending up doing the hard jobs which could only afford them minimal salaries thus making their living harder. Lack of well paying jobs, led to poverty that was elaborated by how people died of simple conditions that could have been prevented if the people earned enough. The writer narrates of how a character by the name Ona died when giving birth due to lack of capital to pay for medical attention. In addition to this their younger son drowned in the streets that were muddy. This elaborates on the low living states the immigrants experienced yet no one was concerned to improve their way of life (Jacobs 2010). The main characters of the novels are among those who went through these hardships as well as the disappointments in their lives. They were so much into promoting the way of lives of those who experienced similar difficulties. However, their efforts were cut short by those who dominated the region su ch that ay time they came up with a way of improving the state nobody could side with them making the situation hard for them. In conclusion, the novels bring out the kind of life that people face especially in a land that is not theirs. The people of the United States as well as America represent a vast number of people who live below the poverty levels. The kind of living they experience as well as the neglect from the government. The novels can, therefore, be used to bring out to the issues that the government ought to look into to improve peoples way of living. Jacobs, Jane. Introduction to The Jungle. NY: McGraw-Hill. 2010.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sullivan, Mark. The Condemned-Meat Industry. NY: Our Times, 1996. Tichi, Cecilia. From the Jungle to Fast Food Nation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2004.

Definition and Examples of Verbal Play in English

Definition and Examples of Verbal Play in English The term verbal play refers to the playful and often humorous manipulation of the elements of language. Also known as logology,  word play,  speech play, and verbal art. Verbal play is an integral characteristic of language use and an  important component in the process of language acquisition.   Examples and Observations Whats the difference between the Prince of Wales and a tennis ball?One is heir to the throne and the other is thrown into the air.The value of marriage is not that adults produce children but that children produce adults.(Peter De Vries, The Tunnel of Love, 1954)I understand your new play is full of single entendre.(George S. Kaufman to fellow playwright Howard Dietz)Child: Mommy, can I go out and play?Mother: With those holes in your pants?Child: No, with the girl next door.Your mama is so  skinny she can hula-hoop a Cheerio.Dear Sir or Madam or Sodom or Whom It May Confirm:I understand you are hiring programmers and hereby present my amplification for annoyment by your firm. As you see, I see, juicy lucy goosy poosy, I have long expedience in grammar and was medicated in the best schools and my dram is to ride underwear. On my clothes is my consomme. Please feel free.I remain your humble serpent.(James Joyce Business School,  A Prairie Home Companion, March 4, 2000)Sense and No nsenseVerbal play, though independent of sense, does not need to be nonsense; it is indifferent to, but not in opposition to, meaning. Verbal play  is  actually an appeal to reason with the intention of suspending its inhibitive power.(Leonard Falk Manheim,  Literature and Psychology, 1988) Speech Play and Verbal ArtThe boundaries between speech play and verbal art are hard to delimit and are cultural as well as linguistic. At the same time, there are certain verbal forms where the relationship between the two is particularly salient and where it is quite clear that forms of speech play constitute the building blocks of verbal art. These include most particularly the stretching and manipulation of grammatical processes and patterns, repetition and parallelism, and figurative speech. Typically verbal art is characterized by combinations of these forms of speech play.(Joel Sherzer, Speech Play and Verbal Art. University of Texas Press, 2002)Verbal Play  in African American Communities- Verbal play in the African American community is both performance and entertainment, oriented like sandlot football or card playing at picnics. But it can, on occasion, be as serious a kind of play as competitive football or bid whist tournaments.(T. Garner and C. Calloway-Thomas, African American Orality: Expanding Rhetoric. Understanding African American Rhetoric, ed. by R. L. Jackson and E. B. Richardson. Routledge, 2003)- In inner-city communities where black English is spoken . . . certain styles of  verbal play  are commonly practiced and highly valued. Such play involves both play with language and provocative play with social conventions. Individual social standing in part depends on the command of these highly structured types of repartee and the ability to keep cool while giving and receiving outrageous insults or challenges to self-esteem. Young children in such communities gradually learn this style of verbal play, using one-liners at first, but often accidentally giving or taking real offense before they understand how to use the techniques creatively and with the proper emotional distance.(Catherine Garvey, Play. Harvard University Press, 1990)

Principles of Health and Social Care Practice Essay

Principles of Health and Social Care Practice - Essay Example This paper discusses that  there is also a need to respect the choice of clients. Sometimes making choices can be quite hard especially when the choices are limited. Healthcare workers should ensure that when clients need to make choices over matters that affect them, the choices available to them are enough not to cause agony on what course of action the clients will take.   For instance, healthcare settings should be structured in a manner that can allow clients with restricted mobility access to areas that they need to. Furthermore, respecting the confidentiality of clients is very significant as clients trust healthcare workers to do that. Breaching this trust will catastrophically affect the healthcare worker-patient relationship.This research declares that  giving a client all the relevant information concerning his/her treatment brings more satisfaction and happiness to the client because the client can make choices based on the information that he/she receives. Through the person-centred approach, the patient is able to easily approach the service provider.  This approach encourages the service provider and the client to work as team. In this manner, the provider is able to meet the client needs effectively while respecting their individuality. This approach makes it possible for a provider to be more specific in addressing the needs of a client.  The patient also feels more responsible and thus he/she is likely to take measures to â€Å"engage in treatment decisions, feel supported to make behavioural changes and empowered to self manage†.

President Bill Clinton's Impeachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

President Bill Clinton's Impeachment - Essay Example Jones to his hotel room and started to make a sexual advancement towards her. Ms. Jones refused to have sex with him (Linder). Included in the least of potential witnesses for Ms. Jones case against President Bill Clinton was a woman by the name Monica Lewinsky. Monica Lewinsky had worked in the White House in the year 1995 and was an intern. Linda Trip, who then was a former employee at the White House, provided Lewinsky’s information. Ms. Trip was a confidante of Ms. Lewinsky, and she had managed to record some of the conversations that she had heard with Ms. Lewinsky without the knowledge of Ms. Lewinsky. The conversations that were recorded were mainly about her contacts with the president. On 12th January of 1998, Ms. Trip provided the tapes of her secret conversations that she had had with Ms. Lewinsky to Kenneth W. Starr who was an Independent Counsel that was pointed to carry out an investigation Whitewater Estate that belonged to Mr. and Mrs. Clinton. On 15th January, Starr secured an approval from Janet Reno, who was the then Attorney General. Janet Reno requested and received an order the Court of Appeals. The request was to expand the scope of the Whitewater prove and introduce new accusations. The next day, there was a meeting between Ms. Tripp and Ms. Lewinsky at a hotel, and federal agents secretly recorded the conversation. The federal agents later confronted Ms. Lewinsky claiming that she had committed perjury and further demanded that she should cooperate in providing evidence against the then president. Ms. Lewinsky at first denied them her cooperation and claimed that much of what she had told Ms. Tripp was not the truth about the events. July of 1998, this was after Ms. Lewinsky had been granted sweeping Immunity from the prosecution by Starr, who was the special prosecutor in the case. Under these new circumstances, Ms. Lewinsky confessed to having had a sexual relationship with President Bill Clinton, which did not include

Compare Enlightened Despotism with the French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Compare Enlightened Despotism with the French Revolution Essay The Enlightenment, an historical period of the 18th and early 19th centuries influenced actions of absolute rulers. This movement also provided a framework for the French Revolutions. Enlightened despots believed that political change could best come from the ruler. Where as the French Revolution did many things, unleashed new forces, destroy old ideas, offered new promises. Not the Revolution itself, of course, but the people who made it. However, Enlightened despots were encouraged by the philosophers to make good laws to promote human happiness. Despots acted abruptly and desired quicker results. They were impatient with all that stood in the way of their reforms. In addition, they justified their authority on the grounds of usefulness, not divine right? Frederick II (Frederick the Great), the most famous Prussian absolute monarch and a military genius, pursued an aggressive foreign policy. In 1740 he seized from Austria the province of Silesia. His action culminated in a major European conflict, the Seven Years War (1756-1763), in which he was pitted against a powerful Europe. Enlightened monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education. Enlightened Absolutists believe that they had the right to govern by birth. Emperor Joseph II can be said to have fully embraced the Enlightened concept of the social contract. In contrast Catherine II entirely rejected the concept of the social contract while taking up many ideas of the Enlightenment. The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a pivotal period in the history of France and Europe. The Revolution is widely seen as a major turning point in European history-from the age of absolutism, to the age of the citizenry, as the dominant political force. Many interrelated political and socioeconomic factors contributed to the French Revolution. It fell to the ambitions of a rising bourgeoisie, allied with aggrieved peasants, wage earners, and individuals of all classes who had come under the influence of the ideas of the Enlightment. It was and remains a system of ideas that are usually goal- directed. Most ideologies are, therefore, fundamentally political, bright descriptions of the means and methods by which the instruments of revolution, party, or government ought to be used for the purpose of social change. The French Revolution was the first major social revolution, of far greater dimensions and of deeper purpose. Elected to the Committee of Public Safety in July 1793, Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) soon came to dominate that group, hence dominate the revolutionary government. He exhibited himself as a ruthless individual, incorruptible, dictatorial, impersonal, and determined to sweep away all who opposed the Revolution. He urged the war on against the monarchical powers of France, and he encouraged the Reign of Terror. The major causes of   French Revolution include the following: A poor economic situation and an unmanageable national debt were both caused and exacerbated by the burden of a grossly inequitable system of taxation and Frances funding of the American revolution, A resentment of royal absolutism; An aspiration for liberty and republicanism; A resentment of Manorialism (seigneurialism) by peasants, wage-earners, and to a lesser extent, the bourgeoisie; The rise of enlightenment ideals; Food scarcity in the months immediately before the revolution; High unemployment and high bread prices resulting in the inability to purchase food; A resentment of noble privilege and dominance in public life by the ambitious professional classes. In principle and by legislation, French revolution made the individual citizen the center of a new social order. The social order should, therefore, be designed to maximize this freedom, this personal liberty. References Spielvogel Western Civilization Volume II: Since 1500 (2003) p.493, 517. Scott, H. M, Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Late Eighteenth Century Europe (1990), ISBN 0472101730.

Playboy Of The Western World: Discovering Reality Essay -- essays rese

In order to counter the unreality of Ibsen and the bleakness of Chekhov, John M. Synge has chosen a seemingly unbelievable story to create his realist masterpiece, The Playboy of the Western World. Its realism comes from two unlikely sources: joy and a far-fetched tale. Yet, as Synge identifies himself in the preface, these elements in combination are extremely effective in showing the life of the peasantry; more so than any bleak or so-called "real" story (in the manner of Ibsen) could.The problem with showing the peasant class in a bleak manner is that, by virtue of their position, the audience knows their life is bleak in terms of money. By featuring a peasant class, it would be redundant to make a movie about their lack of finances, intelligence, or other virtues not usual...

Public Administration Essay

Q1: The chief executive of the country, or President, holds the highest office.   He cannot make laws but he participates in the legislation process. Although he is the head of state, I agree that the chief executive cannot take for granted that the legislative body, which is Congress, would follow his will on any subject.   The President has to use all of his willpower, his charisma, and every advantages available to him to influence the outcome of the legislation process.  Ã‚   The constitution made sure that the chief executive won’t have absolute power to avoid dictatorship.   There are even times that Congress would overturn the President’s veto on a particular law. As an example, the current administration of President Bush has always been in favor of attacking countries that pose a threat to the United States, particularly those countries that are identified as havens for terrorists.   President Bush obtained Congress’ approval on attacking Iraq and Afghanistan because of what happened in 9/11.   Congress agreed with the President to redress a wrong-doing and because a successful conclusion to the war was imminent.   Years later, the victory in Iraq was indecisive.   Despite the President’s persuasion for the troops to stay in Iraq, Congress held out and the chief executive has to concede to the decision that the troops should be pulled out. Q2: If I have to end the state’s monopoly on liquor sales, my strategy is to engage in massive lobbying efforts employing the best lobbyists in every state.   The CEO said money is not a problem, so, it means that advertising and marketing strategies can also be used to slowly influence the mind of the voters.   Hard liquors, like tequila, are popular drinks in bars.   The campaign should first target those people who owns bars and their patrons.   Whether or not this strategy would work out remains on how effective the lobbyists are in influencing the right people.   The lobbyists I would need are those who would be good in promoting the benefits of privatization of hard liquor, particularly to the state’s coffers.   The country is in an economic crisis and many states are hard-pressed to meet many programs.   With the promise of big tax revenues from the privatization, state officials would find ways to relinquish control over hard liquor sales.   They would find a way to change the law without needing a 60% acceptance from the public. Calling to mind the reasons why the Prohibition was approved, and why hard liquor sale is regulated by the government agency, I would be reminded of the evils of unregulated alcohol selling.   In this regard, my personal recommendation is not to allow private businesses to sell hard liquors.   Giving up control on hard liquor could mean a return of the era wherein alcohol consumption caused many of society’s ills.   There are too many crimes as it is, and unregulated alcohol manufacturing and selling could worsen the current situation. Q3:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elements of a bureaucracy are: – statutes legalizing the agency’s existence, as well as how it is structured, the type of activities it is in charge with, and the budgets for the agency’s operation; – determination of what legislative committee is to oversee an agency and what sector of society will the services be delivered to; – discretionary power; – resources, how big the agency should be and how will the organization be structured; – maintaining a close relationship with the legislative body for its continued existence and survival; and – the presence of skillful leadership and knowledgeable employees. The strength of a bureaucracy lies in its being outside of the limelight in the political arena.   An administrative agency has more influence in policymaking when it is not being closely watched.   The weakness of a bureaucracy is on its single-mindedness of purpose.   If it is created for a particular sector, like the National Labor Relations Board for the labor sector, the agency cannot accommodate other requests from the public.   While is this a weakness, it is also a bureaucracy’s strength.   By focusing on one aspect of society, an agency can better serve the needs of that sector.   Another weakness of the bureaucracy is its tendency to respond more promptly to queries from legislators compared to its response to a query from the public.   Since an agency is dependent on Congress, it needs to be liked by the members of Congress. The criticisms against a bureaucracy are centered on two things.   First, an administrative agency’s accountability for failures is comparatively less compared to private businesses.   Second, a bureaucracy’s performance is difficult to gauge because it provides services and creates policies.   It cannot be measured based on quantifiable metrics. In my opinion, the main benefit of having administrative agencies is the focus it could give to the community in terms of services.   For instance, a bureaucracy is needed to manage the country’s health care.   Without a particular administrative agency for health care, people could wait weeks and months before receiving medical service.   In terms of challenges, a bureaucracy’s main challenge is how to become independent from the influence of legislators.   It has to find balance with regards to its dealings with the public and the legislative body. Q4: Federalism is a form of governance wherein the power to govern the nation is not centralized.   In the United States, the federal government does not control how states should implement and interpret many laws.   They are independent from the federal government’s interference in many aspects, like utility regulation, zoning, divorce, and many others.   In other words, each state is empowered to a certain degree.   The federal government do not interfere with state matters unless it has reason to.   When the federal government needs bigger state control, it often provides grants-in-aid to obtain some concessions from the states.   Or conversely, the federal government can decrease federal aid to the states.   Like in the case of the Medicaid system, the current administration is proposing a cut on its contribution to the program. Federalism is effective in giving each state the decision on how to govern itself based on its people’s needs.   Federalism could also be bad when there would be an absence of cooperation among states and between the federal government and the states. Q5: The current high rate of divorce can be attributed to the lack of difficulty in obtaining one since law made it easy for married couples to separate legally and sever the ties of marriage.   This is one area where I would work on so that couples can’t just divorce one another to the detriment of their children.   In order to tighten the law, I would first seek the aid of the church, the local politicians and engage the community in a discussion of my proposal. Before going to these people I would already be ready with my own modifications so that we have something concrete to work on.   I would present to these people my proposal that I would call the divorce test.   The couple should pass this test before any court would accept their filing. The revised divorce law would require the couple to undergo marriage counseling at least twice before they can pass the divorce test.   Like in bankruptcy, divorce should be the last resort for couples to take.   I would expect some quarters to argue but instead of debating endlessly, I would ask them to present one of their own proposal.   So long as everyone keeps to the objective of keeping families together, a revision could be arrived at that would be fair and equitable to everyone.

A Look at Early American Indian History Essay

In analyzing early American history before the 1870s, it’s vital to have a picture of the lives and lifestyles of the native American Indian people, who have witnessed the immigration of Europeans and other foreign people from a completely different perspective as many of the people who consider themselves to be mainstream Americans today. The American Indian population and tribes have dwindled and suffered at the expense of the influx of migrating peoples into what was once their own land, and First Peoples, a book by Colin Calloway, takes a closer look at the history of Americans who were truly native, who freshly walked the shores and farmed the countryside of the great American continent. First Peoples is a documentary survey of the history of the first Americans, the Indian tribes who first roamed the American lands. The introduction and chapters of the book are broken down into several intriguing parts, including American Indians in American history, American History before Columbus, The Invasions of America, Indians in Colonial and Revolutionary America, American Indians and the New Nation, Defending the West, Kill the Indian and Save Man (which begins the area of the book which analyses the Native American experience after 1870), From the Great Depression to Self Determination, and Nations within a Nation. In introduction and first chapters of First Peoples, a total of six large sections of Calloway’s book, go into much detail about the experience of the Native American people in early America before the 1870s, from the roots of Native American life dating back as far as possibly 11,500 BC with the finding of the oldest Clovis spear points to the exploration of the varied tribal journeys until the mid 1800s AD. The introduction of the book gives a general overview of the theme of the book, the topics related to Native American history in the Americas and the documentation and sources used to feed knowledge into the introduction. References noted in the introduction as well as references noted throughout Calloway’s documentary include the several noted here as well as many more: Abler, T. & Einhorn, A. â€Å"Bonnets, Plumes, and Headbands in West’s Painting of Penn’s Treaty. † American Indian Art Magazine 21, 1996: 46. Banner, S. How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Brown, J. & Vibert, E. Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History. Peterboro, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1996. DuBois, M. & McKiernan, K. â€Å"In the Spirit of Crazy Horse. † PBS series Frontline, 1990. Kipp, D. & Fisher, J. â€Å"Transitions: Destruction of A Mother Tongue. † Native Voices Public Television Workshop, 1991. Lesiak, C. â€Å"In the White Man’s Image. † PBS series American Experience, 1992. Steckler, P. & Welch, J. Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Big Horn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994. Usner, D. (1985). â€Å"American Indians on the Cotton Frontier: Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slave in the Mississippi Territory. † Journal of American History 72, 1985: 297-317. In First Peoples, Calloway has utilized a large number and variety of sources, from scholarly books to journals, magazines to films, and the references are noted at the end of every chapter and at the end of the book. On can see that it is through the use of varied and substantial amounts of references and study that Calloway has been able to craft such a detailed and powerful documentary of American Indian life and history. The first chapter of First Peoples focuses on the very early migration and creation theories related to American Indian tribes and the settlement of the first people who migrated across the bearing straight many thousands of years ago, the findings and studies of early fossils and civilizations, and the emergence over time of the Apalachee, Caddos, Chickasaws, Chocktaws, Cheyennes, Cherokee, Creeks, Hurons, Natchez, Iroquois, Mohawks, Neutrals, Petuns, Senecas, Shawnees, Timucua and other tribes. Calloway discusses the hunting and farming ways of life of the native tribes, including the first buffalo hunters of the plains, the farmers of the southwest, the mound builders and farmers of the eastern woodlands, and the affluence of the West Coast. Finally, the chapter ends with a look at the arrival of the European colonists into a world which was already burgeoning with the cultures, battles, celebrations and struggles of the native peoples. In summarizing the second chapter of First Peoples, one notes that Calloway analyses the confrontations of the American Indians with the early European settlers from 1492 to 1680. Through the influx of new people into America, the cultural landscape of America begins to shift and change around the new immigrants even more than it had between the tribal peoples. The Indians face off with the Spanish, French, and English colonists, aiming to balance survival with the struggle for power known as gold, god, commerce, priests, empires, and pelts. The economic and religious impact on the American Indians after the arrival of the Europeans was profound, and both cultures, Indian and European, learned new ways of being and living, were educated by one another in their vastly differing stock holds of cultural history and backgrounds, and clashed together when the trade of goods and ideas seemed tipped too far in favor of one over the other. The balance of power was not easy to manage, and more often than not, American Indians suffered more at the hands of the Europeans than vice versa. The chapter three, Indians in Colonial and Revolutionary America, Calloway takes a look at both Indians in colonial society and colonists in Indian society as they both draw together more closely and clash more violently. The impact of the fur trade and other economic industries brought a reduced capacity to hunt and live off the land, bringing peoples together in tighter communities, resulting in the loss of European and tribal languages for the minority people pressing into the mainstream, the stealing and returning of captives, division within tribal communities, peace treaties, the removal of Indian tribes, and the banding together of tribes and colonists to fight against the most recent invading immigrating force. In reading this chapter, one is able to more clearly understand the attempts at peace and unity merging and contrasting vividly with harsh battles and banishment of peoples. This era of American history is strewn with the movement of individuals, with change and newfound placement, with horrifying prejudice and necessary cooperation. In reading the American Indians and the New Nation, the fourth chapter of First Peoples, one is able to better understand the nation as it gained independence and began working together and a more unified system. Although the emergence of a truly independent America involved new statehood and politics which banded together people from across the vast country, it also brought with it new laws aimed at cleansing Indian people from European and mainstream America. With the populations of American Indians ever dwindling and racism and prejudice haunting the beginnings of American history as an independent nation, the American Indians suffered the loss of political battles as well as the loss of tribal people to death and disease, alcoholism and suicide. Chapter five, the last chapter focusing on American history before 1870, sees only further aggression against the American Indian people and tribes. Policies of detribalization find their ways onto the desks of politicians even as American Indian statehood is granted to Oklahoma. Indian children are removed from their tribes and forced in to state schools across the nation, even to the point of stripping Indian children from their families to live in permanent boarding schools for the effective Americanization or Europeanization of the Indian children. The divisions and suffering within the American Indian families, cultures, and lifestyles during this time are still felt to this day. Although this chapter ends with a look at new American Indian leaders and furthering active attempts to overcome the racism and unfair practices of the European people against the American Indians, it’s important to note the devastation suffered by the American Indians at the hands of the European Americans and the troubling ripple effects of hate crimes against Indians which are still felt within American society today. Overall, First Peoples is a wonderful book for the in depth study of historical life for the American Indian people and tribes, lending insight to the wellness and status of American Indians today in modern America. The creation of America as an independent nation is rife with struggles and diversity, with clashes and vibrancy. The coming together of various peoples has often dealt the people with the most differences a worse deck, however, it is important to view the coming together of our patchwork of American cultures and to know what has happened before, so that people can make informed judgments about the history of yesterday and the future of tomorrow. Luckily, the harsh barbarianism of the past is less and less a part of present society, and prejudice and racism less and less a prominent fixture of modern society worldwide. Although there are still differences to accept and divisions to heal, the world grows more peaceful with every passing decade. First Peoples lend true insight into the well researched history of the American Indians and shines light on what has gone before and what still goes onward in this changing and evolving American culture. Works Cited Calloway, C. First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History. Macmillan, 2007.